دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 The Impact of Privatization on The Performance of Privatized Sports Facilities and Spaces from the Customers' Point of View تأثیر خصوصی‌سازی در عملکرد اماکن و فضاهای ورزشی خصوصی‌شده از دیدگاه مشتریان 1 18 12520 10.30473/arsm.2025.73386.3942 FA لیلا قادری قهفرخی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. مسعود نادریان جهرمی دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. Journal Article 2025 01 10 Introduction Sports programs and activities have various positive effects on society across different dimensions, the most significant of which are the economic effects. The direct economic effects of sports include factors such as the production of sports goods and services, the export and import of sports equipment and goods related to sports disciplines, the development of sports facilities and spaces, tourism, and attracting financial sponsors. The indirect economic effects of sports are seen in areas like promoting public health and reducing healthcare costs. Moline first referred to sports as a profitable and promising industry in 1983; he believed that any sports activity that leads to an increase in the added value of sports goods and services is termed the sports industry (Aghaei Shahri, Memari, and Sa’adati, 2017). One of the most significant issues confronting economists in recent decades has been the debate over privatization and the reduction of government control (intervention). This phenomenon can be regarded as an organizational transformation process that, if implemented correctly, leads to economic growth, especially in emerging economies, where it is referred to as the ‘engine of the economy. Our country is also among those that favor privatization. In the context of privatizing sports organizations, several important matters must be considered, including: creating an environment for competition, changing the structure of sports, increasing the quantitative and qualitative efficiency of sports services at all levels, institutionalizing sports in family life, and upgrading the status of championship sports at international levels (Naderian Jahromi, Moslehi, 2015). One of the goals of privatization is to improve performance; performance is considered one of the important indicators in the study and evaluation of organizations. Some of the most common indicators for evaluating organizational performance include effectiveness, efficiency, innovation, flexibility, and quality of work life. The efficiency and performance of sports venues and facilities include increased safety, provision of creative services, hardware and software development of the facilities, planning and foresight, as well as financial and administrative development. In Iran, the management of sports venues and facilities is predominantly public, which is directly linked to their allocated budget, most of which face budgetary shortages. One of the ways to overcome the financial problems of sports venues and facilities is to transfer them to the private sector so that, through private sector investment, while disregarding short-term results, they strive for long-term planning to offer competitive sports goods and services in the future. There is a positive relationship between program quality and behavioral loyalty, motivational loyalty, and investment loyalty. Differentiation is easier and more creative in the private sector. Therefore, addressing the factors affecting the performance of sports venues and facilities from the users’ perspective is essential for achieving a dynamic competitive advantage and succeeding in attracting customers. Thus, this research seeks to measure the effect of privatization on improving the performance of privatized sports facilities and venues from the perspective of users and customers. Mothodology The present study is applied in purpose and descriptive-survey in data collection method, conducted based on a mixed research approach (qualitative–quantitative). In the qualitative section, the statistical sample included 2 managers, 3 employees, 4 university professors (2 in urban economics and 2 in management), 3 coaches, and 6 customers of private sports clubs in Isfahan city, all of whom were selected purposefully. In addition to the interviews, documents, previous research results, and available Persian and English reference books related to the topic of privatization were used. The quantitative section consisted of managers and experts of the General Directorate of Sport and customers in the year 2022 (1401 Persian calendar). Due to the lack of precise statistical information, 384 individuals were determined as the sample size using Morgan’s table. For model development, qualitative content analysis was employed, and for model testing, quantitative descriptive–analytical method of the correlational type based on structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. In the qualitative stage, the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and through content analysis and coding of the main components, a questionnaire was constructed. Its validity was confirmed by eight experts, and their corrective suggestions were incorporated before distribution among respondents. Ultimately, the questionnaire included 55 items measuring the performance of sports venues and facilities across 7 major indicators, designed using a five-point Likert scale. In addition, after distributing 30 questionnaires among the sample and applying Cronbach’s alpha test, the reliability coefficient was found to be 0.84.To confirm construct validity, first-order confirmatory factor analysis was performed for all research variables, where all factor loadings of the final items were above 0.40, and the t-values exceeded 1.96.For data analysis, SPSS software was used to calculate Cronbach’s alpha, means, and exploratory factor analysis, while LISREL software was utilized to perform confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and to estimate the relationships among latent variables and assess model goodness-of-fit. Findings Before performing the exploratory factor analysis, the preliminary assumptions required for this test were examined. The significance level obtained from Bartlett’s test of sphericity was 0.000, which is less than 0.05, indicating that conducting exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying structure and factor model is appropriate. This result implies that the null hypothesis of an identity correlation matrix is rejected. Furthermore, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.663. Therefore, it can be concluded that the sample size (226 participants) in this study is adequate for conducting exploratory factor analysis. In order to better understand the causal relationships and the impact of privatization on the performance of sports venues and facilities, path analysis was conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach in LISREL software. In this study, several indices were used to evaluate the structural model:1-Chi-square (χ²), 2-The ratio of Chi-square to degrees of freedom, 3-Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI), 4-Comparative Fit Index (CFI), 5-Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Incremental Fit Index (IFI). The Chi-square value, used to judge the linear relationship among latent constructs, was found to be 1356 at a significance level of p < 0.01. The ratio of Chi-square to degrees of freedom was 2.78. Based on this criterion, the ratio should fall between 1 and 5 for the model to be considered acceptable. Given that the obtained ratio lies within an appropriate range, it can be concluded that the observed data are consistent with the proposed model. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.086. According to this index, a value of 0.10 or higher indicates poor model fit. Other indices, each reflecting different aspects of the model’s goodness-of-fit, are presented in the corresponding table. As is evident, all indices of model fitness possess desirable values, thus the factor structure of this research’s data has an appropriate fit. Furthermore, based on the software output, the impact of privatization on upgrading the level of public and championship sports has a path coefficient of 0.67 and a t-value of 9.31; financial and administrative development has a coefficient of 0.61 and a t-value of 9.01; management and planning development has a coefficient of 0.55 and a t-value of 7.59; infrastructural and hardware development has a path coefficient of 0.76 and a t-value of 12.41; service quality and satisfaction has a path coefficient of 0.57 and a t-value of 10.10; cultural and social functions has a path coefficient of 0.64 and a t-value of 8.71; and improving the safety and security of venues has a path coefficient of 0.43 and a t-value of 5.92. Considering that the t-coefficient or the significance coefficient for all relationships is greater than 1.96, it can be concluded that all relationships between latent variables and the relationships between latent variables and observed variables are significant. This means that in addition to confirming the influence of the research variables on each other, the model reports the existing relationships as significant. Discussion and Conclusion The research results indicated that the performance of sports venues and facilities has 7 main components: enhancing the quality of sports services, effective administrative processes, effective planning, facilities and hardware, customer satisfaction, social relations development, and finally safety and security. Furthermore, it was found that privatization has a significant positive impact on all 7 aforementioned components from the respondents’ perspective. The findings of this research, regarding the impact of privatization on enhancing service quality, are consistent with the studies by Ahmadi et al. (2020), Houlihan (2005), and Mirsadeghi & Sadeghi Boroujerdi (2014). Moreover, in terms of improving effective administrative processes, it aligns with the research by Seyed Ali (2023), Razavi et al. (2018), and Moharramzadeh et al. (2015). Regarding the improvement of effective planning, it is in line with the research by Kamroozman et al. (2010) and Naderian et al. (2015). The component of improving facilities and hardware is consistent with the findings of Mirsadeghi & Sadeghi Boroujerdi (2014) and Hinderson (2016). Also, the customer satisfaction component is aligned with the research by Zhang (2009) and Jafari (2014). The component of developing social relations is consistent with the research by Ruow (2015), Moharramzadeh et al. (2015), and Javanmard & Navabakhsh (2014). Finally, the safety and security component of sports venues is consistent with the research by Hall et al. (2018), Hinderson (2016), and Razavi et al. (2018). In interpreting the above findings, it can be concluded that given the existence of numerous obstacles and challenges in the public sports facilities and venues sector, undergoing the privatization process presents an economic opportunity for investors. However, for success, investors must guarantee the high performance of privatized facilities and venues. Based on the research results, as a first step, the performance of sports facilities and venues can be improved by promoting a culture and enhancing public participation in sports among the community. This will convert potential applicants for sports goods and services into actual consumers, enabling revenue generation by meeting their needs. هدف کلی پژوهش تحلیلی توصیفی از نقش خصوصی‌سازی در عملکرد اماکن وفضاهای ورزشی خصوصی شده بود. پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از نظر شیوه گردآوری داده‌ها، توصیفی- پیمایشی و رویکرد پژوهش، آمیخته (کیفی-کمی) بود. در بخش کیفی علاوه‌بر مصاحبه از اسناد، نتایج تحقیقات و کتب مرجع موجود فارسی و لاتین مرتبط با خصوصی‌سازی استفاده شد. جامعه آماری بخش کمی ﺷﺎﻣﻞ متخصصان خصوصی‌سازی، مدیران و کارشناسان اداره کل ورزش و مشتریان بودند. برای ساخت الگو از روش کیفی تحلیل محتوا و برای آزمون الگو از روش کمی، توصیفی- تحلیلی از نوع همبستگی مبتنی بر الگوی معادلات ساختاری استفاده گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که 45 کد مفهومی و 7 مقوله اصلی شامل، ارتقای کیفیت خدمات ورزشی، فرایندهای اداری مؤثر، برنامه‌ریزی اثر‌بخش، امکانات و سخت‌افزار، رضایت مشتری، توسعه روابط اجتماعی و در نهایت ایمنی و امنیت بود. یافته‌های حاصل از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی نشان داد که خصوصی‌سازی بر شاخص‌های عملکرد اماکن و فضاهای خصوصی شده از دیدگاه کاربران تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری دارد. همچنین مدل از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار بود. پیشنهاد می‌گردد دولت وظیفه پشتیبانی و نظارت و سیاست‌گذاری را به عهده داشته باشد و برای سرمایه‌گذاران بخش خصوصی، قوانین حمایتی شفاف، تسهیلات ارزان قیمت و تشویقی مهیا کند.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12520_173bb5ccd3e6f6f7ea7bfd36cebb6167.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Optimizing Critical Decision-Making in Elite Sports Organizations: A Human-AI Hybrid Framework for Dynamic Environments بهینه‌سازی تصمیم‌گیری بحرانی در سازمان‌های ورزشی نخبه: چارچوب ترکیبی هوش مصنوعی-انسان برای محیط‌های پویا 19 32 12462 10.30473/arsm.2025.74332.3960 FA محمدمحسن صدر استادیار، گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 04 19 Introduction Decision-making in critical and high-pressure situations represents one of the most challenging aspects of management within elite sports organizations. In the competitive landscape of professional leagues, characterized by high uncertainty and immediate consequences, the quality of decisions made by managers and coaches can determine the fate of teams and entire organizations. While traditional decision-making in sports has often relied on human intuition, experience, and heuristic judgment, the contemporary sports environment generates vast amounts of complex, real-time data, necessitating more sophisticated analytical approaches. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly in deep learning and machine learning, offer unprecedented capabilities for data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling. However, the inherently dynamic, unpredictable, and high-stakes nature of elite sports creates a unique paradox: purely algorithmic approaches may lack the contextual understanding and adaptability of human experts, while purely intuitive human judgment may be overwhelmed by complexity and cognitive biases under pressure. This gap highlights the pressing need for integrative frameworks that optimally leverage the complementary strengths of human cognition and computational intelligence. This study, therefore, aims to develop and validate a human-AI hybrid framework specifically designed to optimize critical decision-making in the dynamic environments of elite sports. It seeks to move beyond the human-versus-machine debate by proposing a synergistic model where intelligent decision-support systems augment and enhance human expertise. The research is guided by three primary questions: 1) How can AI systems be effectively integrated with human judgment in critical sports decision-making scenarios? 2) What individual and situational factors influence the effectiveness of this hybrid framework? 3) How can the findings be applied to design intelligent training systems for coaches and real-time decision-support tools? Mothodology This research employed a comprehensive mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative) to ensure a holistic and in-depth investigation of the decision-making phenomenon. The methodological design was systematically structured to balance the exploratory depth of qualitative analysis with the predictive precision of quantitative and biometric measurements. The study population consisted of coaches, technical managers, and team supervisors active in national-level professional sports leagues. A purposeful mixed sampling strategy ensured diversity across sports disciplines (team and individual) and managerial levels. The final sample included 120 participants who met strict criteria, including a minimum of three years of professional experience at the national level. Data collection utilized a multi-instrument strategy. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews using a researcher-developed protocol, designed to explore experiences, challenges, and strategies in critical decision-making. Quantitative data were collected via a validated researcher-constructed questionnaire using Likert-scale items, measuring individual characteristics, situational factors, cognitive processes, and decision outcomes. A key innovative component was the use of advanced biometric assessments to record objective physiological and ocular responses during simulated critical decision-making scenarios. Specifically, an eye-tracking system (EyeLink) measured parameters such as fixation duration, number of fixations, pupil dilation, and scan paths, while a physiological monitoring system (AcqKnowledge) recorded electrodermal activity, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Data analysis was conducted in multiple layers. Qualitative interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis with specialized software. Quantitative data from questionnaires and biometrics were analyzed using advanced statistical techniques, including Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS to test the conceptual model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis in MATLAB for outcome prediction, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in SPSS for group comparisons. The integration of findings from all three data streams (qualitative, quantitative, and biometric) allowed for the development of a robust and nuanced model. Rigorous ethical protocols, including informed consent and confidentiality assurances, were adhered to throughout the research process. Findings The integrated analysis yielded significant insights into the factors and processes governing critical decision-making in elite sports. The thematic analysis of interviews identified five core themes: "Time Pressure as a Pivotal Factor," "Complex Interplay between Objective Analysis and Intuition," "Accountability and Responsibility," "Cognitive Flexibility," and "Emotion Regulation." Time pressure was consistently cited as the most salient challenge, forcing rapid information processing under constraints. Quantitative analyses substantiated and quantified these themes. Regression analysis revealed that time pressure (β = -0.42, p < 0.01), experience level (β = 0.37, p < 0.01), and cognitive ability (β = 0.29, p < 0.01) were the most significant predictors of decision accuracy. Crucially, an interaction effect was found between experience and time pressure, indicating that experienced decision-makers were less negatively impacted by time constraints (r = -0.28) compared to their less-experienced counterparts (r = -0.51), highlighting experience's role as a protective moderator. Biometric data provided objective evidence of the cognitive and physiological underpinnings of effective decision-making. Eye-tracking results showed that successful decision-makers exhibited longer fixation durations on key information (280 ms vs. 180 ms) and fewer total fixations (4.2 vs. 6.8), indicating superior focus and efficient information filtering. Physiological data revealed that while all participants showed increased electrodermal activity under pressure, successful decision-makers maintained this arousal within an optimal range (+2.5 µS vs. +4.8 µS), demonstrating better emotion regulation and stress management. The most pivotal finding was the performance evaluation of the proposed human-AI hybrid framework. When compared to purely human-based or purely algorithm-based decision-making in simulated high-pressure scenarios, the hybrid approach demonstrated a remarkable increase in decision accuracy of up to 92%. This superior performance was attributed to the framework's ability to leverage AI for rapid data synthesis, pattern identification, and option generation, while reserving for the human expert the final judgment, contextual interpretation, and intuitive weighting of factors that are difficult to quantify. The synthesis of all data led to the development of a comprehensive model. This model posits that optimal decision-making in critical sports environments is a dynamic function of the interaction between: 1) Individual Factors (experience, cognitive ability, emotion regulation skills), 2) Situational Factors (time pressure, uncertainty, stakes), and 3) Organizational/Technological Factors (access to decision-support systems, quality of data infrastructure). The hybrid AI system acts as a force multiplier, particularly enhancing performance under high situational constraints like extreme time pressure. Discussion and Conclusion The research results indicated that the performance of sports venues and facilities has 7 main components: enhancing the quality of sports services, effective administrative processes, effective planning, facilities and hardware, customer satisfaction, social relations development, and finally safety and security. Furthermore, it was found that privatization has a significant positive impact on all 7 aforementioned components from the respondents’ perspective. The findings of this research, regarding the impact of privatization on enhancing service quality, are consistent with the studies by Ahmadi et al. (2020), Houlihan (2005), and Mirsadeghi & Sadeghi Boroujerdi (2014). Moreover, in terms of improving effective administrative processes, it aligns with the research by Seyed Ali (2023), Razavi et al. (2018), and Moharramzadeh et al. (2015). Regarding the improvement of effective planning, it is in line with the research by Kamroozman et al. (2010) and Naderian et al. (2015). The component of improving facilities and hardware is consistent with the findings of Mirsadeghi & Sadeghi Boroujerdi (2014) and Hinderson (2016). Also, the customer satisfaction component is aligned with the research by Zhang (2009) and Jafari (2014). The component of developing social relations is consistent with the research by Ruow (2015), Moharramzadeh et al. (2015), and Javanmard & Navabakhsh (2014). Finally, the safety and security component of sports venues is consistent with the research by Hall et al. (2018), Hinderson (2016), and Razavi et al. (2018). In interpreting the above findings, it can be concluded that given the existence of numerous obstacles and challenges in the public sports facilities and venues sector, undergoing the privatization process presents an economic opportunity for investors. However, for success, investors must guarantee the high performance of privatized facilities and venues. Based on the research results, as a first step, the performance of sports facilities and venues can be improved by promoting a culture and enhancing public participation in sports among the community. This will convert potential applicants for sports goods and services into actual consumers, enabling revenue generation by meeting their needs. تصمیم‌گیری در شرایط بحرانی یکی از چالش‌برانگیزترین جنبه‌های مدیریت در سازمان‌های ورزشی نخبه محسوب می‌شود. این مطالعه با هدف طراحی یک چارچوب ترکیبی هوش مصنوعی-انسان برای بهینه‌سازی تصمیم‌گیری در محیط‌های پویای ورزشی انجام شده است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی ترکیبی (کیفی-کمی) و با استفاده از داده‌های بیومتریک (ردیابی چشمی و پاسخ‌های فیزیولوژیک) همراه با مصاحبه‌های عمیق با ۱۲۰ مربی و مدیر فنی در لیگ‌های حرفه‌ای، به تحلیل الگوهای تصمیم‌گیری در شرایط بحرانی پرداخته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ترکیب سیستم‌های پشتیبان تصمیم‌گیری هوشمند مبتنی بر یادگیری عمیق با قضاوت انسانی، دقت تصمیم‌ها را تا ۹۲ درصد افزایش می‌دهد. مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر شامل فشار زمانی (ضریب تأثیر 35/0)، سطح تجربه (28/0) و توانایی شناختی (21/0) شناسایی شدند. این مطالعه مدلی نوین ارائه می‌کند که می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهنمای عملی برای ارتقای کیفیت تصمیم‌گیری در موقعیت‌های بحرانی ورزشی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. کاربردهای این پژوهش شامل طراحی سیستم‌های آموزش هوشمند برای مربیان و توسعه ابزارهای پشتیبان تصمیم‌گیری در شرایط فشار بالا می‌باشد.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12462_e8a15a45fb9cc9204c5c9353f911b2d6.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Privatization of State Sporting Venues in Alborz Province: Requirements and Actions خصوصی سازی اماکن ورزشی دولتی استان البرز : الزامات و اقدام ها 33 52 12519 10.30473/arsm.2025.71683.3899 FA مصطفی افشاری دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران. حمیدرضا میرصفیان دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران. فهیمه محمدحسن استادیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران. محسن اسمعیلی دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 06 29 Introduction Examining access to resources, achieving economic progress, and addressing related challenges has consistently posed a pervasive challenge to humanity, placing economic issues at the forefront of human concern, particularly in the modern era. Among these, privatization, the development of the private sector, and the reduction of government involvement have emerged as critical issues confronting economists and policymakers in recent decades, with the aim of fostering economic prosperity and relieving the state from managing numerous enterprises that the private sector is willing and capable of handling (Welsh & Frmond, 2011). Privatization in the sports industry enables governments to reduce current expenditures, redirecting saved resources toward foundational investments in sports infrastructure (Salatin Eslamiye et al., 2023). Given the extensive structure of government and its current inability to achieve optimal productivity, transferring operational and executive responsibilities to the private sector, under adequate supervision and sound policymaking, offers a principled approach to addressing challenges in this domain. One issue that has consistently attracted the attention of sports experts is the transfer of public sports facilities to the private sector (Mollajafari, 2011). Privatization can be understood as an economic policy aimed at balancing the roles of government and other economic sectors to enhance competition and improve economic and social efficiency (Karamzadeh, 2023). Sports facilities and venues serve as the foundation for implementing sports activities and programs, with their quantity and quality directly influencing the development and expansion of sports participation across various societal segments. According to statistics from Iran's Physical Education Organization, the per capita sports space is approximately 0.5 square meters, far below the global standard of three square meters per person. Consequently, increased investment in constructing sports facilities not only raises per capita sports space but also promotes public health and reduces healthcare costs (Salari, 2013). The expansion of government services in recent years, coupled with rising public costs and economic pressures, necessitates improved performance in public organizations, including public sports facilities (Rostami et al., 2011). Many sports facilities fully owned and managed by the government face budget shortages, leading to the cancellation or reduction of organized events. As a result, sports organizations, particularly the Ministry of Sports and Youth, have turned to private entities, which demonstrate superior investment capacity compared to public organizations (Ehsani, 2003). Research indicates that privatization in sports yields positive outcomes, most notably increasing the number of sports, recreational, and training facilities (Moghani, 2015). In recent years, policies for constructing and developing sports facilities have gained greater attention nationwide, resulting in specialized and multi-purpose venues in most counties. However, the limited per capita sports space remains inadequate to meet diverse societal needs, requiring managers to enhance facility utilization through strategic planning and executive approaches (Olson, 2008), with privatization representing one such strategy. Budget constraints in publicly owned and managed sports facilities highlight the need for incentives to encourage private sector involvement. Evidence reveals that public sports organizations exhibit suboptimal operational efficiency and financial performance, falling short of public expectations. Thus, transferring management to the private sector addresses these issues while fostering championship sports development and expanding facilities and equipment. Despite strong private sector interest in sports facilities, barriers such as an insecure economic environment, high investment risk, lack of serious managerial commitment to privatization, bureaucratic delays, and other factors have hindered progress (Salari, 2013). The significance of privatization is underscored by its dedication in Article 44 of Iran's Constitution, yet incomplete and improper implementation has deprived the economy of its benefits. Reforming the national economic structure, heavily influenced by global oil dynamics, currency fluctuations, inadequate support for production and employment, and dominance of quasi-private entities, represents an initial step toward effective privatization (Salimi, 2022). In advanced economies, the added value of the sports industry constitutes a substantial portion of gross domestic product, playing a vital role in income generation, employment, recreation, and entertainment (Jones, 2010). Private sector participation in sports can thus drive industry growth amid challenging economic conditions (Michi, 2006). Within public organizations, resistance to privatization policies persists despite official directives, emphasizing that overcoming barriers requires cultural and attitudinal transformation (Karamzadeh & Nasiri, 2023). Achieving broad objectives like implementing Article 44 demands not only constructive strategies but also transparent infrastructure and committed expertise. From a policy analysis perspective, inappropriate linear executive strategies and neglect of alternative approaches contribute to privatization failures in Iran (Torabi & Safarikia, 2023). International studies further illuminate barriers: Alfandi and Seguin (2016) identified political, economic, social, legal, cultural, and technological obstacles affecting sports business in Egypt. Diejomaoh et al. (2015) found adequate government facilities for select disciplines like football and volleyball but insufficient provision in others. Christopher et al. (2015) concluded that facilities and equipment do not significantly predict sports development in Nigeria. Successful privatization requires complementary economic adjustments, including capital market reforms, banking system modifications, and robust legal frameworks (Panahi et al., 2022). Karaj, as a developing city, possesses substantial potential for delivering sports services, generating financial profit, and achieving citizen health objectives, with sports facilities serving as essential infrastructure. Accordingly, given Karaj's need to expand sports in alignment with national goals, improving lifestyles, fostering employment, reducing social harms, and recognizing the critical role of infrastructure requiring financial and human resources, the present study examines the current state of privatization in public sports facilities in Alborz Province, identifying barriers, challenges, threats, and opportunities. Methodology To precisely elucidate observable and latent aspects of privatization in public sports facilities, while identifying barriers, challenges, threats, and opportunities, an exploratory mixed-methods design was employed. Initially, the qualitative phase involved reviewing theoretical foundations and literature from internet databases, books, journals, and publications. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists identified key factors and indicators. In the second phase, grounded theory was applied to construct the proposed model. The statistical population comprised heads and deputies of sports and youth departments across Alborz Province districts and counties; presidents and vice-presidents (women's section) of sports federations; tenants and coaches in privatized facilities; athletes, champions, and users of rented venues; physical education experts in provincial departments; and specialized university professors holding PhDs in physical education with familiarity in sports privatization. Purposeful sampling targeted knowledgeable individuals, continuing over three months until theoretical saturation was reached with 13 interviewees. In qualitative research, acceptability, transferability, and confirmability replace traditional validity and reliability concepts. Recommendations by Parker and Pitney (2009) for enhancing acceptability were rigorously followed. Transferability was pursued through repeated interview reviews to extract maximum non-repetitive content. Confirmability was achieved by transparently documenting the entire research process and decisions. Collaborative input from research team members was maximized despite constraints. Credibility followed a seven-stage process: topic selection, question design, expert interviews, coding transcripts, response analysis, result verification, and reporting. Reliability was confirmed through multi-expert review of interviews. Findings The paradigmatic model derived from grounded theory reveals privatization of public sports facilities in Alborz Province as the central phenomenon. Contextual conditions were categorized into four primary groups. The first encompasses intra-organizational factors and barriers to public privatization, including financial-economic, legal-regulatory, executive-behavioral components; managerial, environmental, and structural challenges; and restrictions in transfer, management, and execution. The second category involves incentives promoting privatization development, impacting employment and public sports, spanning individual, interpersonal, economic, social, and cultural dimensions. The third addresses influential components of the current privatization status, emerging from market dynamics and statistical indicators. The fourth examines privatization effects on labor markets, unemployment, public sports, and education, prioritized by experts. Intervening conditions represent broader environmental factors influencing strategies, identified as opportunities across five domains: political-legal, macro-management, infrastructure, cultural-social, and economic drivers affecting public sports facility privatization. Strategies constitute specific actions or interactions deriving from the central phenomenon, shaped by contextual and intervening conditions. Proposed strategies address internal and external threats while leveraging opportunities within the sports and youth administration. These are structured across four levels: Level one targets improving the current privatization status of public facilities; levels two and three focus on mid-level interventions tackling barriers and threats; level four encompasses macro-policies exploiting opportunities in the sports administration domain. Consequences represent outcomes from strategy implementation under internal and external conditions. Five primary codes emerged: increased statistics of privatized public facilities; purposeful privatization of public venues; expanded space for sports investors; enhanced organizational processes for privatization; and strengthened decision-making capacity in dynamic environments. The paradigmatic model visually integrates these components, illustrating relationships among causal conditions, context, interventions, strategies, and consequences. Discussion and Conclusion In advanced countries, the sports industry's added value significantly contributes to gross domestic product, driving income, employment, recreation, and entertainment (Holt, 2007). However, Iran's sports sector presents a contrasting reality. Omolawon and Ibraheem (2005) found 92% support for sports privatization among athletes, managers, and philanthropists. Tomaru (2007) argues privatization reduces productive efficiency but enhances social welfare. Zhang and Zhang (2009) view privatization as elevating economic and social welfare in sports facilities. In Iran, transfers to quasi-governmental entities are classified as privatization layers, yet evidence shows state-owned companies underperform compared to private counterparts across numerous metrics (Yarahmadi & Sadeghi Shahdani, 2023). Tsamenyi et al. (2010) assert privatization improves services, customer satisfaction, staff training, and productive efficiency. Privatization has not fully materialized in Iranian sports due to insecure economic conditions, high investment risk, restricted foreign investment, managerial reluctance, bureaucratic delays, multiple decision centers, and imbalanced inter-organizational relations (Elahi, 2008; Elahi et al., 2009; Ahmadi, 2007; Padash, 2009). Conditions elevating privatization importance include sports' societal sensitivity, national privatization seriousness, public management issues, dynamic international environment, positive privatization impacts, and existing sports privatization constraints. Overcoming public sector challenges increasingly favors private transfer. The private sports sector can significantly contribute to public and championship sports development, employment generation, and enhanced facility utilization. Public sports facilities currently exhibit suboptimal operational and financial performance, failing public expectations and facing budget deficits that reduce services and events (Ahmadi et al., 2007). Sports organizations thus seek private partnerships for superior investment (Zare et al., 2015). Public facilities in Alborz Province similarly require privatization attention, driven by sports importance, privatization seriousness, public ownership, constraints, and positive impacts. Successful privatization yields substantial benefits: reduced government involvement, aligning with policies promoting public administration; alleviated financial burden through private coverage of operational costs (salaries, insurance, utilities); revenue generation and sports economic growth via taxes and dedicated returns; functional development, redirecting public administration toward expertise in planning, education, supervision, and evaluation; and employment opportunities, as sports industry growth creates diverse jobs (Asgarian, 2005). Contextual conditions influencing strategies include intra-organizational barriers (financial-economic, legal, executive-behavioral), challenges (managerial, environmental, structural), and restrictions (transfer, management, execution). Incentives span individual, interpersonal, economic, social, and cultural realms impacting employment and public sports. Market and statistical factors shape current status. Intervening opportunities encompass political-legal, macro-management, infrastructure, cultural-social, and economic domains, consistent with Ghanbari Firouzabadi et al. (2011) ranking political factors highest for foreign investment in Iranian sports facilities. Four-level strategies address current status improvement, barrier/threat mitigation, and opportunity exploitation via macro-policies. Consequences include expanded privatized facilities, purposeful processes, investor attraction, organizational enhancement, and adaptive decision-making. Global changes, expanded public services, rising costs, and economic pressures necessitate improving public organizations like sports facilities for national sports development. Private transfer offers widespread support for overcoming public sector issues. To advance privatization in Alborz Province, intra-organizational barriers and restrictions must be addressed, followed by challenge pathology, incentive development, market analysis, intervening factor consideration, and strategy implementation yielding societal benefits. Overcoming barriers requires cultural transformation; government must trust private efficiency, foster acceptance through media, promote social commitment, and engage stakeholders while persuading opponents. Clarifying decision-maker authorities reduces multiple centers and bureaucracy. Restructuring facilities currently controlled by non-sports entities advances goals. International evidence (Diejomaoh et al., 2015; Christopher et al., 2015) highlights government limitations in facility provision. Successful privatization demands supportive macro-policies avoiding post-transfer challenges that deter investors. Weak supervision post-privatization risks stagnation; comprehensive oversight clauses and localized facility grading systems ensure transparency in pricing and performance. Authorities should minimize involvement via diverse methods, asset return, direct sales, management/employee buyouts, share distribution, commercialization, contracting, service agreements, management contracts, leasing, public-private partnerships, joint ventures, and build-operate-transfer models, drawing from advanced nations to activate dormant or underperforming facilities. با توجه به گسترش دامنه خدمات دولتی در سال‌های اخیر، افزایش هزینه‌های عمومی و مسائل اقتصادی و بسیاری از عناصر دیگر لازم می‌سازد تا بهبود کارکرد سازمان‌های دولتی به‌عنوان یک امر حیاتی مورد توجه قرار گیرد که یکی از این ارگان‌ها اماکن ورزشی دولتی می‌باشد. در این راستا سهم ورزش در اقتصاد ملی هر کشور رابطه مستقیمی با میزان سرمایه‌گذاری انجام شده در بخش ورزش دارد. لذا پژوهش حاضر به بررسی وضعیت خصوصی‌سازی اماکن ورزشی دولتی استان البرز در سال‌های 1393 تا 1396 پرداخت. جامعه آماری شامل همه رؤسا و معاونین ادارات ورزش و جوانان حوزهها و شهرستانهای استان البرز؛ روسا و نایب‌رئیسان (بانوان) هیئت‌های ورزشی؛ مستاجرین اماکن ورزشی و مربیان شاغل در اماکن ورزشی واگذار شده و ورزشکاران و قهرمانان و استفاده‌کنندگان از اماکن ورزشی استیجاری و کارشناسان تربیت بدنی ادارات ورزش و جوانان حوزهها و شهرستانهای استان البرز و استادان متخصص ورزشی بود. با استفاده از روش گرندد تئوری مقوله‌ها، مفاهیم و گویه‌ها برای شرایط علی، عوامل زمینه‌ای، عوامل مداخله‌گر، راهبردها و پیامدها استخراج شد. در روند تحقیق، وضعیت موجود شرایط خصوصی کردن سالن‌های ورزشی دولتی، فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای پیشروی خصوصی‌سازی اماکن ورزشی، چالش‌ها و موانع خصوصی‌سازی اماکن بررسی شدند. طبق مدل مفهومی استخراج شده شرایط علی شامل حساسیت و اهمیت بالای ورزش در کشور، جدی بودن بحث خصوصی‌سازی، مدیریت دولتی، محیط بین‌المللی، تأثیرات مثبت خصوصی‌سازی، محدودیت‌های پیشروی خصوصی‌سازی، شرایط زمینه‌ای شامل عوامل درون‌سازمانی و رفع محدودیت‌ها، افزایش مشوق توسعه خصوصیسازی بر اشتغال و ورزش عمومی و مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار وضعیت موجود و سوق‌دهنده‌های محیطی به‌عنوان شرایط مداخله‌گر شناسایی شدند. با توجه به نتایج مثبت خصوصی‌سازی، گام برداشتن در این مسیر برای اماکن ورزشی کارگشاست.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12519_4ec30e8d621ee17c1677a8a42f181dc0.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Feasibility Study of Bioenergy Production from Waste of Equestrian Centers and Horse Breeding Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) امکان‌سنجی تولید انرژی‌ زیستی از پسماند مجموعه های سوارکاری و پرورش اسب با استفاده از تحلیل چرخه حیات (LCA) مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی 53 68 12521 10.30473/arsm.2025.75440.3986 FA شهرزاد خرم‌نژادیان دانشیار، گروه علمی عمران و محیط‌زیست، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ، ایران. نسرین پیراینده دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی کامپیوتر، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 08 18 Introduction In recent years, operational costs for sports clubs, especially equestrian centers, have risen due to increased energy prices, waste disposal costs, and environmental regulations. Sustainable resource management and advanced technologies for energy recovery from club-generated waste offer a new competitive advantage in the sports industry. This study proposes a practical model based on field data and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to supply part of the energy needs of equestrian centers through recycling horse manure. Previous research integrating life cycle assessment with energy costs and operational consumption shows the importance of combining environmental and economic dimensions, applicable to equestrian waste for sustainable technology choices like direct combustion or anaerobic digestion (Farahani et al., 2021). The rapid growth of horse breeding and equestrian centers in Iran has led to large amounts of organic waste (manure and bedding), which if unmanaged, causes pollution including groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. Horse manure, rich in organic matter and nutrients, is used in many countries as a renewable energy source via combustion or anaerobic digestion, but a comprehensive scientific approach for Iran is lacking. Studies highlight pyrolysis and microwave-assisted pyrolysis of horse manure as promising for reducing environmental impacts and enhancing energy production (Mong et al., 2020). Sweden’s example shows substantial potential energy recovery from manure biogas, with anaerobic digestion offering multiple environmental benefits (Hansson & Eriksson, 2015). Challenges such as high moisture content and bedding materials influence energy recovery efficiency, but technologies exist to improve this (Liu et al., 2021; Wartel et al., 2012).Research also supports using AI-enhanced LCA models for more accurate environmental and economic assessments of bioenergy systems (Omidkar et al., 2024). Despite progress, integrating waste conversion technologies with intelligent tools for comprehensive environmental and economic evaluation remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties and energy potential of horse stable waste in Iran using AI-based LCA to assess the efficiency of combustion and anaerobic digestion for bioenergy production, contributing to sustainable waste management and energy recovery in equestrian centers.Other related studies include methane gas estimation from landfills (Ebrahimi Toulon et al., 2023), thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes (Chung et al., 2023), integration of renewable fuels and sustainable practices to reduce carbon footprint in equestrian centers (Phong et al., 2024), and the role of bedding materials on energy recovery (Kusch, 2013; Wartel et al., 2012) Methodology This study evaluates energy recovery methods from horse manure waste collected from three equestrian clubs in Tehran. Physical, chemical, and energy content analyses were performed on manure, bedding, and their mixtures. Two energy conversion scenarios-direct combustion and anaerobic digestion-were modeled and assessed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with OpenLCA software, following international standards. Statistical tests examined data characteristics and relationships, while AI techniques like machine learning and decision trees enhanced pollutant classification, environmental prediction, and scenario comparison. The study aimed to identify cost-effective, low-carbon pathways for energy production. The LCA compared environmental impacts per megajoule of energy produced, supporting informed decisions in sustainable waste management and bioenergy production. Findings The examined horse manure has high organic carbon content and a high carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, making it suitable for anaerobic digestion and biogas production. Although it contains a relatively high ash content which negatively affects combustion efficiency, its heating value is high and acceptable. Anaerobic digestion results in lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduced acidification potential, and more efficient resource use compared to direct combustion, but it produces more wastewater. Direct combustion is simpler and less costly but faces challenges such as ash management. SWOT analysis indicates that horse manure has good potential for sustainable energy supply in equestrian centers, though challenges like ash and effluent management remain. The findings align with global studies and can contribute effectively to renewable energy development and environmental management in sports facilities. Discussion and Conclusion The results of this study indicate that waste from equestrian centers, especially the combination of horse manure and bedding, possesses significant potential for sustainable management and bioenergy production due to favorable physical and chemical characteristics such as high organic matter content, an optimal carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and a suitable lower heating value (LHV). Anaerobic digestion is environmentally superior to direct combustion because it substantially reduces greenhouse gas emissions and produces high-quality organic fertilizer. However, direct combustion, with its lower investment cost and simpler technology, can serve as a temporary and feasible solution in facilities lacking advanced infrastructure. Beyond technical and environmental benefits, the findings offer practical management implications for equestrian clubs, where managers can utilize renewable energy technologies and green economy principles to reduce operating costs while enhancing environmental responsibility. The study recommends that policies related to sports and environment prioritize the use of animal waste as energy resources and promote the development of green clubs as innovative and effective approaches to managing sports centers sustainably. با توجه به افزایش هزینه‌های انرژی و دغدغه‌های زیست‌محیطی در اداره مراکز ورزشی، استفاده از روش‌های نوآورانه برای کاهش پسماند و بهینه‌سازی مصرف منابع به یک ضرورت غیرقابل اجتناب تبدیل شده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی امکان‌سنجی فنی، زیست‌محیطی و مدیریتی تولید انرژی ‌زیستی از پسماندهای مراکز سوارکاری (شامل کود و بستر اسب) انجام شده است تا به‌عنوان یک الگوی پایدار برای مدیریت باشگاه‌های ورزشی در ایران مطرح گردد. داده‌های میدانی از سه باشگاه سوارکاری در استان تهران جمع‌آوری شده و آزمایش‌های شیمیایی، تعیین ارزش حرارتی و قابلیت تولید بیوگاز روی نمونه‌ها انجام گرفت. همچنین، با بهره‌گیری از مدل‌سازی مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی و نرم‌افزار OpenLCA به همراه پایگاه داده Ecoinvent 3.8، تحلیل چرخه حیات دو سناریوی احتراق و هضم بی‌هوازی انجام شد. الگوریتم‌های هوش مصنوعی به بهبود دقت شبیه‌سازی، دسته‌بندی داده‌ها و بهینه‌سازی ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی کمک شایانی کردند.یافته‌ها نشان داد که کود اسب با ارزش حرارتی 800/19 کیلوژول بر کیلوگرم و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن 1/23، شرایط مناسبی برای تولید انرژی ‌زیستی دارد. در تحلیل چرخه حیات، هضم بی‌هوازی نسبت به احتراق مستقیم، عملکرد بهتری در کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای (۳۸٪ کاهش) و مصرف منابع (۲۹٪ کاهش) از خود نشان داد. از منظر مدیریت ورزشی، اجرای این فناوری‌ها می‌تواند هزینه‌های عملیاتی را کاهش داده، مسئولیت‌پذیری محیط‌زیستی باشگاه را ارتقا دهد، به توسعه برند سبز کمک کند و مسیر باشگاه‌ها را به سمت پایداری هموار سازد.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12521_0b4c5198b8a5fc2b4f3c5a6238ef3f37.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Meta-analysis of Facilitators and Barriers to Participation of Adults with Physical-Motor Disabilities in Sports and Physical Activity فراتحلیل تسهیل‌کننده‌ها و بازدارنده‌های مشارکت افراد بزرگسال دارای معلولیت جسمی-حرکتی در ورزش و فعالیت بدنی 69 88 12523 10.30473/arsm.2025.75278.3981 FA لیلا عبادی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی ، واحد تهران جنوب ، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی ، تهران، ایران رضا نیک‌بخش گروه مدیریت ورزشی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. طیبه زرگر گروه مدیریت ورزشی ، واحد تهران جنوب ، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی ، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 07 26 Introduction Physical activity and organized sports are universally recognized as integral components of a healthy lifestyle, playing a vital role in the holistic well-being of individuals across the lifespan. For the global population of approximately 650 million people living with disabilities, engagement in regular physical activity is not merely a leisure pursuit but a critical health intervention. Scientific literature consistently highlights that physical activity helps prevent and manage non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes, and musculoskeletal conditions, which are prevalent in this demographic. Beyond physical health, sports participation offers profound psychological benefits, including significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression, while simultaneously enhancing sleep quality and cognitive function. Furthermore, sports serve as a powerful social platform, fostering community belonging, reducing isolation, and developing essential interpersonal skills. Despite these well-documented benefits and clear guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding inclusive physical activity, participation rates among individuals with physical-motor disabilities remain alarmingly low. Global statistics suggest that nearly 16% to 62% of this population do not meet recommended activity levels, and only about 29% achieve the benchmark of 60 minutes of daily activity. This disparity necessitates a deep understanding of the determinants—categorized as facilitators and barriers—that influence the decision to participate. Facilitators, such as intrinsic motivation, social support, and accessible infrastructure, increase the likelihood of engagement. Conversely, barriers, ranging from physical pain and fatigue to environmental inaccessibility and societal stigma, restrict participation. While numerous studies have investigated these factors, the existing research landscape is fragmented. Studies conducted in different cultural and economic contexts often yield contradictory results regarding the relative weight of these determinants. For instance, some research identifies economic constraints as the primary hurdle, while others prioritize environmental or psychological factors. These inconsistencies make it difficult for policymakers and health professionals to design effective, evidence-based interventions. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive quantitative synthesis that aggregates these disparate findings to determine the true effect size of each factor. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to conduct a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis of existing quantitative literature. By statistically pooling data from eligible studies, this research aims to identify, classify, and prioritize the most significant facilitators and barriers to sports participation among adults with physical-motor disabilities. The ultimate goal is to provide a robust, data-driven foundation for developing strategic interventions that can effectively bridge the participation gap and promote health equity. Methodology This study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis, strictly adhering to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility. The protocol for including and excluding studies was developed based on the PICOS framework, focusing exclusively on adults (aged 18 and older) with diagnosed physical-motor disabilities, such as spinal cord injuries, amputations, or multiple sclerosis; studies focusing solely on sensory or intellectual disabilities without separate data were excluded. The independent variables investigated were determinants of participation, categorized into facilitators and barriers across individual, social, environmental, organizational, and policy domains. As is typical in correlational meta-analyses, comparisons were made between varying levels of determinants or different factor types. The primary outcome was the quantitative measurement of sports or physical activity participation (frequency, duration, intensity), while studies measuring only the "intention" to participate were excluded. Inclusion was limited to quantitative descriptive studies including correlational, cross-sectional, and survey-based designs that reported sufficient statistical data (e.g., correlation coefficients, t-statistics, p-values) to calculate an effect size. A comprehensive systematic search was executed across 14 national and international databases to identify relevant literature. Persian databases included IranDoc, SID, Magiran, Noormags, and the National Library of Iran, while international sources comprised Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, Emerald, EBSCOhost, and SPORTDiscus. The search window covered articles published between 2020 and 2024, utilizing a combination of keywords related to the population (e.g., "physical disability," "mobility impairment"), the outcome (e.g., "sport participation," "exercise"), and determinants (e.g., "barriers," "facilitators") combined with Boolean operators. The selection process involved a two-stage screening by two independent researchers, starting with a review of titles and abstracts to remove duplicates and irrelevant studies, followed by a full-text examination against inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the selected studies was rigorously assessed using the AXIS tool for cross-sectional studies and JBI critical appraisal tools. Data were extracted using a standardized checklist covering bibliographic details, methodological characteristics, and statistical values, with all statistical analyses performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software (version 2). Given the anticipated clinical and methodological diversity among the primary studies, a random-effects model was chosen to synthesize the data, using the correlation coefficient (r) reported with 95% confidence intervals as the primary effect size metric. Heterogeneity was quantified using Cochran’s Q statistic and the I² index, with values of 25%, 50%, and 75% representing low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively; to identify sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analyses were conducted based on specific determinant categories (e.g., individual vs. social factors). Finally, publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Egger’s regression test, and Duval and Twee die’s trim and fill method. Findings The systematic search and rigorous screening process resulted in the final inclusion of 11 studies, providing 60 distinct effect sizes for the meta-analysis. The overall synthesis revealed a statistically significant distinction between the roles of facilitators and barriers. Facilitators demonstrated a medium, positive, and significant relationship with sports participation (r = 0.384; 95% CI: 0.284 to 0.483; p < 0.001), indicating that enabling factors are strong predictors of increased activity. Conversely, barriers showed a small but significant negative association with participation (r = -0.165; 95% CI: -0.213 to -0.117; p < 0.001). High heterogeneity was observed in both groups (I2 > 90%), necessitating further subgroup analyses to explore the sources of variation and specific determinants. Subgroup analysis of facilitators highlighted the dominance of psychological and social drivers. Individual factors, such as intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and psychological skills, emerged as significant positive predictors (r = 0.217, p < 0.001). Similarly, social factors, including societal attitudes, media representation, and general social support, were identified as significant facilitators (r = 0.191, p < 0.001). While interpersonal, organizational, and environmental factors displayed positive effect sizes, they did not reach statistical significance in this specific meta-analysis, suggesting that personal empowerment and a supportive social climate may be more critical drivers of participation than physical infrastructure alone within the studied context. Regarding obstacles to participation, health-related barriers-such as pain, fatigue, and fear of injury-were identified as the strongest deterrents (r = -0.206, p < 0.001). This was followed by socio-cultural barriers (r = -0.122) and systemic issues related to staff, programs, and policies (r = -0.084). Attitudinal barriers, including discrimination or stigma (r = -0.074), environmental inaccessibility (r = -0.067), and safety concerns (r = -0.030) were also confirmed as statistically significant hindrances. Notably, barriers stemming from immediate social circles, such as family and friends, did not show a statistically significant negative impact, indicating that systemic and health challenges pose greater hurdles than opposition from close relationships. Finally, the robustness of these findings was verified through publication bias assessments. Visual inspection of the funnel plot displayed a relatively symmetrical distribution of studies around the mean effect size, despite minor asymmetry. This was objectively confirmed by Egger’s regression test, which yielded a p-value greater than 0.05 (p=0.337), indicating no evidence of significant publication bias. Furthermore, Duval and Twee die’s trim and fill method did not result in the imputation of any missing studies. These diagnostic tests collectively suggest that the calculated effect sizes are reliable and not significantly skewed by the non-publication of studies with null or negative results. Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this meta-analysis underscore that sports participation among adults with physical-motor disabilities is a multidimensional phenomenon governed by a complex interplay of internal and external forces. The prominence of individual and social factors as the primary facilitators highlights the critical role of psychological empowerment and a supportive ecosystem. Specifically, the strong influence of intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and psychological coping skills suggests that when individuals possess a robust belief in their capabilities, they are significantly more likely to overcome physical limitations. Simultaneously, the significance of social factors such as positive media representation and inclusive societal attitudes aligns with the Social-Ecological Model, confirming that a welcoming environment is just as crucial as personal drive in fostering active lifestyles. Conversely, the analysis reveals that the most significant hurdles are not merely physical but deeply rooted in health experiences and systemic inadequacies. Health-related barriers, including chronic pain, fatigue, and fear of injury, emerged as the most potent deterrents, suggesting that the internal management of the disability is often a greater challenge than external architecture. Furthermore, the significance of socio-cultural, attitudinal, and policy-related barriers indicates that the "medical model" of disability and persistent social stigma continue to exclude individuals from sports, even when facilities might be technically accessible. Interestingly, barriers stemming from immediate family and friends were not found to be statistically significant, implying that opposition usually arises from broader societal structures and personal health challenges rather than one's closest social circle. In conclusion, effective strategies to enhance participation must move beyond a singular focus on physical infrastructure to adopt a holistic, multi-level approach. Interventions should prioritize psychological interventions to boost self-efficacy and resilience, alongside medical support for pain and fatigue management. At the systemic level, there is an urgent need for policy reforms, specialized training for sports staff, and comprehensive awareness campaigns to dismantle the invisible socio-cultural walls of stigma. By addressing these psychological, health, and systemic dimensions simultaneously, stakeholders can create a truly inclusive sports environment that ensures equitable access and health benefits for adults with physical-motor disabilities. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، فراتحلیل جامع تسهیل‌کننده‌ها و بازدارنده‌های مشارکت افراد بزرگسال دارای معلولیت جسمی-حرکتی در ورزش و فعالیت بدنی بود. این مطالعه به روش مرور نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل با پیروی از راهنمای پریزما و معیارهای پیکوس بر روی مطالعات کمی (همبستگی/پیمایشی) انجام شد. جستجوی نظام‌مند در 14 پایگاه اطلاعاتی ملی و بین‌المللی برای مقالات منتشر شده به زبان فارسی یا انگلیسی بین سال‌های 1399 تا 1403 (2020-2024) صورت گرفت که در نهایت 11 مطالعه با 60 اندازه اثر وارد تحلیل شدند. داده‌ها با چک‌لیست استاندارد استخراج، کیفیت مطالعات با ابزارهای AXIS/JBI ارزیابی، و سوگیری انتشار با نمودار قیفی، آزمون اگر و روش برش و پر کردن دوال بررسی گردید (سوگیری معنادار یافت نشد). تحلیل‌ها با نرم‌افزار CMA و با استفاده از مدل اثرات تصادفی، محاسبه اندازه اثر ترکیبی، شاخص ناهمگونی و تحلیل زیرگروه انجام شد. یافته‌های کلی نشان داد عوامل تسهیل‌کننده به‌طور معناداری با افزایش مشارکت (001/0>p، 384/0=r) و عوامل بازدارنده به‌طور معناداری با کاهش مشارکت (001/0>p، 165/0-=r) مرتبط هستند. تحلیل جزئی زیرگروه‌ها نشان داد عوامل فردی (217/0=r) و اجتماعی (191/0=r) مهم‌ترین تسهیل‌کننده‌های معنادار بودند. همچنین، موانع ناشی از سلامت (206/0-=r)، موانع اجتماعی-فرهنگی (122/0-=r)، موانع مرتبط با کارکنان/برنامه/سیاست (084/0-=r)، موانع نگرشی (074/0-=r)، موانع محیطی (067/0-=r) و موانع ایمنی (030/0-=r) به‌عنوان بازدارنده‌های معنادار شناسایی شدند. این نتیجه نشان می‌دهد که مشارکت ورزشی افراد دارای معلولیت جسمی-حرکتی پدیده‌ای چندبعدی است و مداخلات مؤثر باید رویکردی چندسطحی داشته باشند که همزمان بر تقویت عوامل فردی و اجتماعی و رفع موانع سلامتی، ساختاری، نگرشی و محیطی تمرکز کنند.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12523_097542130cf4858a953511b956af8165.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 The Impact of Explicit and Tacit Knowledge Sharing on the Performance of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province with the Mediating Role of Service Innovation تأثیر اشتراک‌گذاری دانش صریح و ضمنی بر عملکرد اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان یزد با نقش واسطه‌گری نوآوری خدمات 89 102 12522 10.30473/arsm.2025.75426.3985 FA فرشته کتبی دکتری، گروه آموزش تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. اعظم طلابی مزرعه نو استادیار، گروه آموزش تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. زینب نقی لو استادیار، گروه آموزش تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 08 10 Introduction In today’s intensely competitive environment, the focus on organizational performance is critical, as the survival and sustainability of organizations are fundamentally tied to their performance levels (Kermashahi et al., 2024). Scholars and practitioners alike agree that performance is a core subject in virtually all organizational analyses, to the extent that it is difficult to conceive of an organization that is not subject to performance evaluation and measurement. Organizations rely heavily on performance assessment to provide managers with feedback regarding their progress towards strategic objectives (Crawns et al., 2010). In contemporary competitive settings, marked by the scarcity of resources, performance management and evaluation have become indispensable for organizations. This has led to an increased focus on reviewing internal organizational performance among many entities (Piatkowska et al., 2025; Trog et al., 2024; Azimzadeh et al., 2020). Performance essentially reflects the activities that an organization carries out over a given time frame, and by assessing performance, organizations can measure their efficiency and effectiveness (Rezaei & Ghaybdost, 2016). One of the most significant features of 21st-century organizations is the emphasis on knowledge and information. Unlike organizations of the past, modern organizations utilize advanced technologies and require the acquisition, management, and exploitation of knowledge and information to enhance their operational efficiency (Fereidoni et al., 2017). In the contemporary global landscape, knowledge is considered the most strategic resource available to organizations, and interest in knowledge management has grown substantially (Faryabi et al., 2025). A fundamental element of knowledge management is the sharing of explicit and tacit knowledge both within organizations and with external partners, particularly allied organizations. Knowledge sharing provides several benefits, including access to competitive knowledge, enhancing competitive advantage, value creation, and synergy generation. Failure to leverage knowledge sharing can lead to wasted capital, increased overhead costs, and reduced productivity (Kermashahi et al., 2024). Moreover, the long-term success of organizations depends heavily on acquiring, storing, and sharing knowledge. Strategies based on the accumulation of human resource knowledge serve as key competitive advantages, and successful knowledge management is a critical determinant of organizational survival (Razavi et al., 2017). Organizations that discover efficient ways to extract, use, and share knowledge-and that regard knowledge as a valuable asset-have unlocked the secret to their current and future success (Trog et al., 2024). Inter-organizational knowledge sharing is defined as the deliberate activity of making knowledge accessible to others. This process is conscious and voluntary, and trust plays a pivotal role in sustaining ongoing knowledge sharing in organizational relationships. To enable continuous knowledge sharing, organizations require trust and effective risk management mechanisms that prevent knowledge leakage (Soltani Zadeh et al., 2024). Another important dimension that can strengthen the relationship between explicit and tacit knowledge sharing and organizational performance is service innovation. Service innovation involves the introduction of new and creative services to customers by employing new or improved methods. These services should not only satisfy current customer demands but also proactively address potential future challenges and needs (Hosseini et al., 2023). Methodology Given the nature and objectives of the study, the research was conducted as an applied study using a survey methodology. Data necessary for the research were collected through questionnaires distributed among the employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Yazd Province. According to personnel records in 2024, the population consisted of 186 employees. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample size of 120 individuals was selected for this study. The research instruments comprised standardized questionnaires measuring explicit knowledge sharing (7 items), tacit knowledge sharing (6 items) (Yasini & Ardeshir, 2014), service innovation (5 items) (Mohammad Shafiei et al., 2018), and organizational performance (4 items) (Babayi & Ashraf, 2024). The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by 10 management professors. The reliability of the instruments was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding coefficients of 0.88 for explicit knowledge sharing, 0.89 for tacit knowledge sharing, and 0.85 for organizational performance, which indicate acceptable internal consistency and reliability. For data analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed using Smart PLS software. SEM is particularly suitable for testing direct and indirect relationships between latent variables, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the relationships among knowledge sharing, service innovation, and organizational performance. Findings Descriptive analysis of the findings from Table 1 showed that among the 120 research participants, based on education level, 38% of the employees held a bachelor's degree or lower, 60% held a master's degree, and 2% had a doctoral degree. Regarding age, the smallest group was those under 25 years old, and the largest group was those over 40 years old. In terms of gender, 67% were male and 33% were female. Finally, based on marital status, the majority of employees were married at 82%, while 18% were single. The results of the Structural Equation Modeling indicated significant direct effects between the latent variables in the proposed model. Both tacit and explicit knowledge sharing were found to have positive and statistically significant impacts on service innovation and organizational performance. This suggests that sharing both forms of knowledge among employees enhances innovative service development, which in turn improves overall organizational outcomes. Furthermore, service innovation demonstrated a significant positive influence on organizational performance. Importantly, service innovation also functioned as a mediating variable between tacit and explicit knowledge sharing and organizational performance. This mediating role indicates that knowledge sharing alone may not be sufficient to enhance performance unless it translates into innovative services. Discussion and Conclusion Knowledge sharing refers to the transfer of knowledge-that is, information, skills, or expertise-between individuals within organizations. This process can occur either personally or electronically and offers numerous benefits for enhancing innovation, competitiveness, and organizational performance. Moreover, as challenges increase and the competitive environment becomes more complex, the need for better, knowledge-based solutions to improve organizational performance becomes increasingly critical. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher aimed to develop a comprehensive model examining the impact of both tacit and explicit knowledge sharing, emphasizing the role of service innovation among employees on organizational performance, from the perspective of the employees at the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province. The research findings based on structural equation modeling indicated that both tacit and explicit knowledge sharing had a positive and significant effect on service innovation. In other words, if factors influencing the development of knowledge sharing among employees at the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province are addressed, service innovation will increase. This result is consistent with the findings of studies by Faryabi et al. (2025) and Trog et al. (2024). For instance, Faryabi et al. (2025) demonstrated that digital innovation has a positive and direct effect on startup performance. It seems that equipping employees with professional knowledge, the ability to acquire and share knowledge, the classification of organizational knowledge, leveraging knowledge to solve organizational problems, and the transfer of organizational knowledge among employees play a crucial role in employee development, which in turn enhances the organization’s service innovation. Another finding showed that tacit and explicit knowledge sharing positively and significantly affected organizational performance. That is, if managers and officials at the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province pay attention to the dimensions of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing, organizational performance will improve. According to previous studies, this finding aligns with research by Kermashahi et al. (2024) and Soltani Zadeh et al. (2024). Kermashahi et al. (2024) found that knowledge management processes have a positive and significant impact on sustainable organizational performance. Furthermore, human, organizational, and technological factors also positively and significantly affect knowledge management processes. Hence, it seems that enhancing tacit and explicit knowledge sharing among employees and creating conditions and opportunities for their further learning constitute foundational factors in improving and developing organizational performance. On the other hand, the present study’s results showed that explicit knowledge sharing did not have a significant positive effect on operational performance, nor did tacit knowledge sharing have a significant positive effect on financial performance. This finding is consistent with the research of Wang et al. (2014), who also found that the two dimensions of knowledge sharing-explicit and tacit-did not significantly impact operational and financial performance, respectively. The results also showed that service innovation had a positive and significant effect on organizational performance, consistent with findings by Razavi et al. (2025) and Papayno et al. (2025). Since the current study’s findings indicate that service innovation directly improves organizational performance, it appears this is due to increased productivity, creation of new services, strengthened competitiveness, and the creation of new growth opportunities at the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province. In conclusion, given a holistic view of the current study’s results, designing a knowledge-based structure at all levels of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province will be effective in improving organizational performance. In this regard, managers at the General Directorate, as providers of sports services, play a significant role. Therefore, it is necessary for the various managerial departments at the Directorate to place greater emphasis on training and knowledge sharing among their employees. One of the primary actions that managers should consider and emphasize across different departments is conducting educational needs assessments with an emphasis on knowledge sharing as a key component of knowledge management. They should also develop continuous training programs tailored to the various divisions of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Yazd Province. Through these measures, alongside promoting service innovation, organizational performance at the Directorate will improve and develop. هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی تأثیر به اشتراک‌گذاری دانش صریح و ضمنی بر عملکرد اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان یزد با تأکید بر نقش واسطه‌گری نوآوری خدمات بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل 186 نفر از کارکنان اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان یزد بود. حجم نمونه نیز با توجه به جدول کرجسی و مورگان 120 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و به شیوه پیمایشی اجرا گردید. ابزار اندازهگیری آزمودنی‌ها پرسشنامه اشتراک‌گذاری دانش صریح و ضمنی (یاسینی و اردشیر، 1393)، پرسشنامه نوآوری خدمات (محمد شفیعی و همکاران، 1397) و پرسشنامه عملکرد سازمانی (بابایی و اشرف، 1403) بود که پایایی پرسشنامهها به ترتیب 88/0، 89/0 و 85/0 برآورد شد. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل دادهها حاکی از آن بود اشتراک‌گذاری دانش صریح و ضمنی بر نوآوری خدمات و عملکرد سازمانی تأثیر معناداری داشت و همچنین نوآوری خدمات بر عملکرد سازمانی تأثیر معناداری داشت. به نظر میرسد توجه به عوامل مؤثر بر اشتراک‌گذاری دانش صریح و ضمنی و ارائه خدمات نوآورانه در عاملی مؤثر در ارتقای عملکرد سازمانی اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان یزد بود.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12522_0adad3226079237a9bea519f647a94fb.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Performance Evaluation of Sports Programs of Provincial Centers of IRIB Based on a 720-Degree Feedback System ارزیابی عملکرد برنامه‌های ورزشی مراکز استانی صدا و سیما براساس نظام بازخورد 720 درجه 103 116 12551 10.30473/arsm.2024.68773.3791 FA حسین صفدری دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران. حسین پیمانی زاد دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران. حسن فهیم دوین استادیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران. محمد رضا اسماعیل‌زاده استادیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 2023 08 06 Introduction In contemporary societies, mass media-particularly radio and television-play a central role in meeting citizens’ cultural, social, informational, and recreational needs. With the rapid expansion of accessible and low-cost social media platforms, audiences are no longer compelled to rely solely on state media. Consequently, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), especially its provincial centers, is increasingly exposed to public comparison, judgment, and evaluation in both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. Sports programs, as one of the most popular and influential media contents, require systematic and comprehensive performance evaluation mechanisms to ensure effectiveness, audience satisfaction, and alignment with organizational objectives. In this context, multi-source feedback systems have gained attention as effective tools for performance evaluation. The 720-degree feedback system, which extends beyond traditional internal evaluation to incorporate external stakeholders, provides a holistic perspective on organizational performance. The present study aims to design and validate a performance evaluation model for sports programs of IRIB’s provincial centers based on a 720-degree feedback system, addressing both internal and external evaluative dimensions. Methodology This research adopted a mixed-methods (qualitative–quantitative) approach and was applied in nature. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 academic and organizational experts selected via snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interviews focused on identifying key indicators and dimensions of performance evaluation for provincial sports programs. Data analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in the extraction of 83 open codes, 20 axial codes, and 7 selective codes. Based on the qualitative findings, a researcher-developed questionnaire was designed for the quantitative phase. The statistical population was divided into two layers in line with the 720-degree feedback framework: an internal layer (including managers, colleagues, subordinates, and internal customers) and an external layer (including stakeholders, suppliers, families, and external customers). According to Morgan’s table, 196 questionnaires were distributed and collected in the internal layer and 384 in the external layer. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships among latent variables and to validate the proposed model. Findings The results of the quantitative analysis confirmed the adequacy and validity of the proposed performance evaluation model. The structural model demonstrated acceptable fit indices, indicating significant and meaningful relationships among the latent variables. The extracted indicators and items were verified by experts as appropriate tools for measuring the performance of provincial sports programs. Findings revealed that incorporating feedback from both internal and external sources enhances the comprehensiveness and accuracy of performance evaluation. Key dimensions identified included content quality, professionalism of production, alignment with audience needs, educational and developmental orientation, stakeholder engagement, and social impact. The results highlight the effectiveness of the 720-degree feedback system in capturing diverse perspectives and providing actionable insights for performance improvement. Discussion and Conclusion The findings underscore the importance of adopting a holistic and multi-dimensional approach to evaluating sports programs in provincial broadcasting centers. Given the competitive media environment and the diversity of cultural and social expectations within Iranian society, relying solely on internal evaluation mechanisms is insufficient. The 720-degree feedback system offers a robust framework that integrates the perspectives of managers, employees, stakeholders, suppliers, and audiences, thereby fostering transparency and accountability. From a practical standpoint, the study suggests that sports program planners and policymakers at IRIB should prioritize developmental and educational goals alongside entertainment. Utilizing academic experts and experienced practitioners in program production, focusing on specific target groups (such as students, women, and the elderly), and systematically monitoring program outcomes can significantly enhance program effectiveness. Overall, the proposed model provides a scientific and operational tool for improving the performance and social relevance of provincial sports programs and can serve as a foundation for future research and policy formulation in media performance evaluation. هدف پژوهش حاضر تدوین مدل ارزیابی عملکرد برنامه‌های ورزشی مراکز استانی صدا و سیما بر اساس نظام بازخورد 720 درجه می‌باشد. این تحقیق در دو حالت لایه بیرونی و لایه درونی جامعه انجام شد. جامعه آماری در لایه داخلی همکاران، مدیر، زیردستان و مشتریان داخلی و در لایه خارجی ذی‌نفعان، عرضه‌کنندگان، خانواده و مشتریان خارجی بود. ابتدا به‌منظور شناسایی شاخص‌ها از مصاحبه با چهارده نخبه آگاه استفاده شد و از کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی، در نهایت 83 کد باز، 20 کد محوری و 7 کد گزینشی به دست آمدند. در مرحله کمی پرسشنامه تهیه شد که با توجه به جدول مورگان و طبق برآورد صورت گرفته 196 پرسشنامه در لایه داخلی و 384 پرسشنامه در لایه خارجی در دو مرحله توزیع و جمع‌آوری شد. اجرای محاسبات لازم در نرم‌افزار ضمن تأیید روابط بین متغیرهای مکنون در مدل ساختاری نشانگر این است که گویه‌ها یا شاخص‌ها از نظر متخصصان یا خبرگان می‌توانند ابزار مناسبی برای اندازه‌گیری ارزیابی عملکرد برنامه‌های ورزشی استانی باشند.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12551_bb216fd791feedcd3e1b9cbed3fc6158.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Structural Equation Modeling of Green Supply Chain Management for Iranian Sports facilities Services مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مدیریت زنجیره تأمین سبز خدمات اماکن ورزشی ایران 117 132 12623 10.30473/arsm.2025.74391.3963 FA سیامک صالح فرج‌زاده دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. محمد رسول خدادادی دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. یعقوب بدری‌آذرین استاد، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 04 24 Introduction Supply chain management is one of the dimensions of extended producer responsibility (EPR) (1) and can be defined as the coordination of the supply chain in a way that considers environmental concerns and coordinates inter-organizational activities (2). Supply chain management is responsible for the collection, production and distribution of materials to manage the needs of stakeholders to improve the profitability, competitiveness and resilience of the organization in the short and long term through improving green performance (3). In a conventional classification, green supply chain management practices are categorized into internal green practices, external green participation, green performance, green entrepreneurship and green innovation. Internal green practices can be defined as what a company does on a daily basis in its internal activities. These actions reflect the decisions of companies to implement environmentally friendly measures (4). While external green participation is defined as the challenge and direct interaction with upstream suppliers, company partners and downstream customers in the supply chain in relation to joining environmental programs for environmental management and solutions (5). Considering the importance of the above-mentioned topics in the field of green supply chain management of services, sports venues that are service-based in nature are no exception. Green supply chain management can be effective as an effective indicator in the quality of services provided and creating value for the customer in sports venues (6). Unfortunately, in sports venues today, the decline in service quality, the presence of coaches with low levels of education and coaching, managers without experience in management, and an inappropriate space and environment have caused more customer dissatisfaction (7). It is essential that venue managers, organizations, and sports boards are aware of the factors affecting the implementation of green supply chain management of services in sports venues so that they can address existing deficiencies and, by emphasizing more on the impact of green supply chain management in improving quality, customer satisfaction, various purchasing motives such as comfort, dignity, shape, features, services, environmental issues, etc., play an effective role in the development of their sports and sports venues at different times and places. The emphasis of supply chain management is on shifting the mindset from transaction to value creation, and this value creation should take place in the entire chain and not just in one part of it. The necessity of conducting this research was to clarify the importance and necessity of appropriate green supply chain management of sports services in sports venues; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the structural equations of green service supply chain management in sports facilities in Iran. Mothodology The present study is interpretive in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, quantitative in terms of data type, and field-library in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study was professors, specialists, experts, and activists who had research or executive experience in the field of supply chain management and sports venue management. Given the vastness and uncertainty of the statistical population in the country and also considering the Krejci and Morgan table, the maximum possible number, which is 384 people, was used. Two methods were used to collect data in this study. A library method was used to collect data related to theoretical foundations and research background and a researcher-made questionnaire with a five-option Likert response method was used to collect data related to the main research variables. Since the present study is extracted from a doctoral dissertation, the questionnaire used in this study was obtained from the qualitative findings of the dissertation. To prepare this questionnaire, the interviews conducted in the qualitative phase of the aforementioned thesis were first analyzed using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. When preparing the questionnaire, open codes were determined as questionnaire items, axial codes as components, and selective codes as dimensions of the questionnaire. This questionnaire consists of 5 dimensions, 14 components, and 70 items and the dimensions of this questionnaire include green services (services during sales and after-sales services), green resources (green equipment and facilities, green energy, and knowledge resources), green human resources (green employees and green customers), green marketing (information methods and communication channels), and sustainable green success (high profitability, increasing customers, adherence to environmental responsibility, gaining popularity, and gaining competitive advantage). To assess the validity of the questionnaire from the experts' point of view, convergent validity, divergent validity, and the AVE criterion were used, and the reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated by examining the factor loadings of each item in the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test, and composite reliability. All criteria indicated appropriate validity and reliability of the research tool, and the Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire was 0.86. Data analysis was performed in this study in two ways. In the first part, descriptive statistics were used to examine and describe demographic information, and in the second part, structural equation modeling was used in smartPLS3.1.1 software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings The descriptive results of the study showed that about 23% of the participants were female and 77% were male, the highest frequency percentage for the age variable was related to the age group of 31 to 40 years (32%), most of the individuals (about 51%) had a master's degree, and most of their service experience was 11 to 15 years. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. For this purpose, first, the fit indices of the first-order reflective and second-order constructivist measurement models were used to examine the fit of the research model. To examine the fit of the first-order reflective measurement models, composite reliability indices, Cronbach's alpha, factor loadings, convergent validity (AVE), and the Fornell-Larker index (divergent validity) were used and to examine the second-order constructivist fit, the variance increment index (VIF) was used. An examination of the factor loading coefficients of each of the questionnaire questions showed that the factor loadings of all questions were greater than 0.4. All variables obtained Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values higher than 0.7, AVE index higher than 0.5 and VIF index lower than 5, therefore the instrument used in this study has appropriate reliability, convergent validity and variance increase rate. The AVE root value of all first-order variables is greater than the correlation value between them, which indicates the divergent validity of the research instrument and the appropriate fit of the research model. At a confidence level of 95%, considering that the t-statistic value of all paths is greater than 1.96 and their significance is less than 0.05, it can be stated that the research model is appropriate and all paths are confirmed. Also, according to the results of this table, it can be stated that green services (p=0.011; t=2.542), green resources (p=0.001; t=5.449), green human resources (p=0.018; t=2.165), and green marketing (p=0.001; t=6.765) have a positive and significant impact on the sustainable green success of sports venue services. Discussion and Conclusion The results of the study showed that green services, including pre-sales and after-sales services, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainable green success of sports venue services. This part of the study results is consistent with some of the research results of Memari et al. (2025), Ricardianto et al. (2022), Hazen et al. (2021), and Yektayar (2019). The results of the study also showed that green resources, including green equipment and facilities, green energy, and knowledge resources, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainable green success of sports venue services. This part of the study results is consistent with some of the research results of Li and Zhai (2025), Xu and Wang (2023), and Sadeghi Arani et al. (2022). Other results of the study showed that green human resources, including green employees and green customers, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainable green success of sports venue services. This part of the research results is in line with some of the research results of Kong et al. (2024), Sadeghi et al. (2023) and Gavousso et al. (2022). The research results also showed that green marketing, including information methods and communication channels, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainable green success of sports venue services. This part of the research results is in line with some of the research results of Fazaeli et al. (2024), Tayyebeh and Rein (2022) and Yousefi et al. (2021). Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that if the services during and after the sale of sports venues are green, green equipment and facilities, green energy, and green knowledge resources are used in sports venues, green management methods are used in the human resource management process, including employees and customers of sports facility services, and the information methods and communication channels used in sports venue services pass the green filter, profitability in sports venues will increase, customers will increase, and adherence to environmental responsibility will also increase in sports venues, which will firstly lead to popularity and secondly lead to a competitive advantage for Iranian sports venues. Finally, according to the research results, it can be stated that sports venue managers can ensure sustainable green success of sports venue services by utilizing green services, resources, and human resources, as well as adopting green marketing practices. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مدیریت زنجیره تأمین سبز خدمات در اماکن ورزشی ایران انجام شد. این پژوهش از نوع تفسیری، کاربردی، کمی و میدانی-کتابخانه‌ای است. جامعه آماری شامل اساتید، متخصصان، خبرگان و فعالانی که در زمینة مدیریت زنجیره تأمین و مدیریت اماکن ورزشی سابقه پژوهشی یا اجرایی داشتند، بود که با توجه به گسترده و نامشخص بودن تعداد جامعه آماری در سطح کشور و همچنین با توجه به جدول کرجسی و مورگان، از حداکثر تعداد ممکن که 384 نفر می‌باشد، استفاده شد. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته برگرفته شده از بخش کیفی رساله دکتری استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در این پژوهش به دو صورت انجام گرفت. در بخش اول از آمار توصیفی جهت بررسی و توصیف اطلاعات جمعیت‌شناختی استفاده شد و در بخش دوم نیز از آزمون مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزار smartPLS3.1.1 در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که مدل پژوهش از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است و خدمات سبز، منابع سبز، نیروی انسانی سبز و بازاریابی سبز تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر موفقیت سبز پایدار خدمات اماکن ورزشی دارند. بنابراین مدیران اماکن ورزشی می‌توانند با به‌کارگیری خدمات، منابع و نیروی انسانی سبز و همچنین اتخاذ شیوه‌های بازاریابی سبز، موجبات موفقیت سبز پایدار خدمات اماکن ورزشی را فراهم سازند.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12623_1513f2a7ca1ecbb19941ea28738d6fee.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Opportunities and Challenges of Holding Sports Events for the Host Community, Case Study: Hosting of University of Isfahan in the 16th Cultural and Sports Olympiad for Male Students of Iran فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های برگزاری رویدادهای ورزشی برای جامعه میزبان، مطالعه موردی: میزبانی دانشگاه اصفهان در شانزدهمین المپیاد فرهنگی ورزشی دانشجویان پسر ایران 133 152 12163 10.30473/arsm.2025.72328.3915 FA محسن وحدانی استادیار، گروه رفتار حرکتی و مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. امیرحسین لباف دانشجوی دکتری، گروه رفتار حرکتی و مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 09 20 Introduction Hosting sports events offers host communities a range of potential cultural, economic, and infrastructural benefits. In contemporary sport management literature, the hosting of non-mega events—particularly national university sport Olympiads—have gained importance due to their capacity to generate meaningful legacies without the financial burdens associated with mega-events. Scholars such as Greenwell et al. (2024); Bazzanella et al. (2023 & Chalip et al. (2016) emphasize that sports events, even at the national level, serve as catalysts for enhancing the destination branding, stimulating tourism flows, fostering social cohesion, and expanding the managerial capabilities of local institutions. These impacts are heightened when events involve youth populations, such as students, who represent a highly influential Demographic in shaping social and cultural structures. In Iran, student sports Olympiads occupy a prominent position because they bring together thousands of athletes, coaches, officials, and volunteers from universities nationwide. The Student Cultural-Sport Olympiad, first launched in 1993, has since evolved into one of the most significant national student sport events. It provides a unique opportunity for universities to demonstrate their infrastructural readiness, organizational competencies, and cultural assets. The hosting universities benefit not only from infrastructural upgrades and organizational learning but also from increased national visibility and enhanced prestige within the academic and sporting communities. The 16th Cultural and Sport Olympiad for male university students, hosted by the University of Isfahan in 2023, was one of the largest ever held. Given the large number of participants, diverse sport disciplines, extensive logistical requirements and a multi-layered organizational structure, this Olympiad represented a critical case for analyzing opportunities and challenges experienced by the host university. Despite increasing scholarly attention on sports events, limited research within Iran has examined such events from the perspective of the host community, particularly through qualitative approaches that capture the perceptions of key stakeholders, including managers, committee heads, volunteers, and sports experts. Although international studies have highlighted the potential economic, social, cultural, and psychological benefits of sport events, researchers such as Duan et al. (2020), McGillivray et al. (2021), and Cuskelly et al. (2021) emphasize that host communities often face significant challenges, including financial pressures, organizational complexities, cultural conflicts, and human resource limitations. These challenges must be systematically evaluated to enhance the sustainability and success of future events. Given this knowledge gap and the lack of domestic qualitative research for investigating university sport Olympiads in Iran, the present study sought to identify the primary opportunities and challenges encountered by the University of Isfahan while hosting the 16th Cultural and Sport Olympiad for male university students. Through an in-depth thematic analysis, this study contributes to both theoretical and practical knowledge by offering insights that can guide future hosts in planning, managing, and leveraging similar events. Mothodology This study employed a qualitative research design using thematic analysis to explore stakeholder perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of hosting the Olympiad. This approach was selected for its suitability in identifying patterns and meanings embedded within participants’ experiences. The research was applied in nature and sought to produce actionable insights for practitioners and policy-makers in the field of sport management. Participants consisted of 19 individuals selected through purposive sampling. This group included senior managers of the organizing committee (n=5), heads, and members of key operational committees such as facilities, transportation, and cultural affairs (n=9), faculty members specializing in sport management (n=2), and event volunteers actively involved in the execution of the Olympiad (n=3). Sampling continued until informational saturation was reached, and no new significant themes emerged during data collection. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews lasting 20–30 minutes each. Interview questions were designed to capture participants’ insights regarding infrastructural impacts, organizational experiences, cultural dynamics, logistical processes, and managerial challenges. Experienced qualitative researchers conducted the interviews to ensure depth, clarity, and sensitivity to participants’ viewpoints. All participants were assured of confidentiality, and ethical considerations were strictly observed. Thematic analysis followed the six-step approach advocated by Corbin & amp Strauss (2015): familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining themes, and producing the final report. Throughout this process, several strategies were employed to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Thick description and transparent documentation enhanced credibility. Peer debriefing and critical friend evaluations ensured multiple perspectives were incorporated into the coding process. Triangulation was achieved through the diversity of participants’ roles and through independent coding by two researchers. Ethical protocols and data audit trails were maintained to reinforce reliability and validity. Findings Analysis of the interviews revealed seven major opportunity themes and eight major challenge themes associated with hosting the Olympiad. Each main theme included several subthemes reflecting specific dimensions of the participants’ experiences. Opportunities Infrastructure Development Participants emphasized significant improvements to physical spaces and facilities, including the renovation and modernization of sports halls, installation of new equipment such as scoreboards and spectator platforms, upgrades to transportation infrastructure, creation of new green spaces on campus, and enhancement of accommodations and dining services. These renovations provided long-term benefits beyond the event itself. Marketing and Branding Hosting the Olympiad increased the national visibility and prestige of the University of Isfahan. Participants noted improved perceptions of the university’s capabilities, increased media coverage, and enhanced attractiveness for prospective students. The event strengthened the university’s reputation as a capable organizer of large-scale sport events. Communication and Interaction Participants highlighted opportunities for social bonding, teamwork, and the development of new interpersonal and inter-university relationships. The event facilitated interactions between students, staff, officials, and volunteers, fostering a spirit of cooperation, unity, and collective identity across diverse groups. Cultural and Social Opportunities The Olympiad showcased the cultural heritage of both the city of Isfahan and the university. Participants observed increased tourism activity, strengthened cultural exchange among students from different regions, and greater emphasis on indigenous values such as sportsmanship, respect, and ethical conduct. Sport Development The event encouraged increased participation in sports activities and fostered the identification of new athletic talents. It also contributed to the development of competitive sport programs within the university and enhanced the university’s status in student sport rankings. Experiential and Organizational Learning Participants reported substantial learning regarding event planning, management, and inter departmental coordination. Students, volunteers, and staff acquired practical skills in leadership, teamwork, logistics management, and problem-solving. The Olympiad also provided a platform for identifying strengths and weaknesses within the university’s administrative and operational systems. Motivational and Psychological Benefits Hosting the Olympiad created an energetic and positive atmosphere across campus. Participants described enhanced morale, pride, and emotional engagement among staff, students, and organizers. The sense of achievement and identity reinforcement contributed to long-lasting motivational effects. Challenges Financial Challenges Significant budgetary constraints, unexpected expenses, difficulties in financial oversight, and the high cost of equipment procurement created substantial stress for organizers. Some facilities deteriorated due to heavy use during the event. Logistical and Organizational Challenges Participants reported issues related to inter-committee coordination, inaccurate participant data during early stages, inadequate accommodation standards for some guests, and shortages of specialized staff in operational roles. Security and Safety Challenges Security incidents, crowd management difficulties, and the complexity of maintaining gender-sensitive spaces contributed to stress and operational risks. Cultural and Social Challenges Cultural differences among participants from various regions occasionally led to misunderstandings or tension. Some participants displayed behaviors inconsistent with local values, creating concerns among organizers. Managerial Challenges Bureaucratic obstacles, conflicting managerial perspectives, disruptions to regular university operations, insufficient long-term planning, and legal or regulatory complexities were among the key managerial problems reported. Communication and Coordination Challenges Delayed communication, lack of integrated information systems, and inconsistencies in inter-organizational coordination (especially with provincial entities such as electricity and transportation agencies) created operational inefficiencies. Facility and Equipment Challenges Several sport facilities lacked standardization or required major improvements. Delays in equipment procurement and limited availability of specialized venues also hindered preparation. Human Resource Challenges Participants noted disparities in skill levels, insufficient training for volunteers, disproportionate workload distribution, and occasional lack of commitment among staff members. Discussion and Conclusion The findings reveal that hosting the 16th Cultural and Sport Olympiad produced substantial, multidimensional benefits for the University of Isfahan while simultaneously introducing complex managerial and operational challenges. Infrastructure enhancement emerged as one of the most significant legacies, aligning with previous studies indicating that sports events stimulate long-term facility improvements (Andam et al., 2014). Additionally, marketing and branding advantages correspond with global observations that sports events enhance destination image and institutional credibility (Knott, 2024; Chalip et al., 2016). The event also played a pivotal role in promoting social cohesion, cultural exchange, and psychological well-being among participants—outcomes noted in the works of Duan et al. (2020) and Thomson et al. (2020). Organizational learning generated during the Olympiad stands out as a critical intangible legacy, particularly relevant to academic environments where capacity building and skill development are essential long-term goals. However, challenges were equally substantial. Financial barriers echoed global concerns about the costliness of event hosting (Oshimi & Yamaguchi, 2023). Logistical and managerial complexities underscored the need for more robust planning frameworks, better data management systems, and coordinated teamwork. Cultural tensions and human resource issues further highlighted the necessity of pre-event training, cultural preparation programs, and structured volunteer management systems. Based on these insights, several recommendations emerge: Establishing a dedicated financial sponsorship committee to attract governmental and private sector partnerships. Integrating advanced event management technologies, including mobile applications and digital coordination platforms. Implementing comprehensive training programs for staff, volunteers, and managers. Conducting post-event evaluations to gather feedback and refine future strategies. Strengthening inter-organizational coordination mechanisms with municipal and provincial entities. In conclusion, the Olympiad functioned as both a transformative opportunity and a complex managerial challenge for the University of Isfahan. The insights gained from this qualitative analysis offer a valuable framework for universities and sports organizations aiming to host similar large-scale events in the future. Through strategic planning, innovation, and collaborative management, such events can continue to serve as powerful tools for institutional development and societal advancement. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های شانزدهمین المپیاد فرهنگی ورزشی دانشجویان پسر دانشگاه‌های کشور برای جامعه میزبان بود. روش پژوهش کیفی و از نوع تحلیل مضمون بود. مشارکت‌کنندگان شامل 19 نفر از مدیران ارشد، مسئولان و اعضای کمیته‌های اجرایی ستاد برگزاری مسابقات بودند. ابزار تحقیق مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته بود. برای اعتباربخشی به تحقیق از راهبردهای توصیف غنی، ملاحظات اخلاقی، بررسی همتایان، دوستان منتقد و همسوسازی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد در بخش فرصت‌ها هفت مضمون اصلی شامل توسعه زیرساخت‌ها و فضاهای فیزیکی، بازاریابی و برندسازی، ارتباطی و تعاملی، فرهنگی-اجتماعی، ورزشی، تجربه‌آموزی و یادگیری سازمانی و نهایتاً انگیزشی و روانی شناسایی شد. همچنین هشت مضمون اصلی شامل مالی، لجستیکی و سازمان‌دهی، امنیتی و انتظامی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی، مدیریتی، ارتباطی و هماهنگی، فضا و تجهیزات و منابع انسانی نیز در بخش چالش‌ها احصا شد. در مجموع، المپیاد فرهنگی ورزشی فراهم‌کننده فرصت‌های چشمگیری برای رشد و توسعه دانشگاه اصفهان بود. جهت انتقال تجارب ناشی از چالشهای این المپیاد، پیشنهاد میشود میزبانان بعدی تدابیر لازم برای بهره‌مندی مؤثرتر از فناوری برای ارتقای ارتباطات و تسریع و تسهیل در امور داشته باشند. علاوه‌بر آن توانمندسازی اعضای کمیته‌ها قبل از برگزاری رویداد، تلاش برای جذب حامیان مالی و مشارکت گسترده‌تر سازمان‌ها و شرکت‌های دولتی و خصوصی و نهایتاً استفاده از مشاوران زبده در امر مدیریت این رویداد از دیگر پیشنهادهای این پژوهش بود.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12163_160d493a395c6ea6c64cdb41a0c8fe38.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Designing a Performance Evaluation Model for Bodybuilding Clubs, Case Study: Hamedan Province طراحی الگوی ارزیابی عملکرد باشگاه‌های بدنسازی، مطالعه موردی: استان همدان 153 172 12550 10.30473/arsm.2025.75155.3977 FA سجاد مومنی استادیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 15 Introduction Performance monitoring and evaluation systems serve as essential methodological frameworks within organizations. These systems provide managerial personnel with instrumental mechanisms to assess current states. Based on this assessment, managers can strategically decide to perpetuate effective operational paradigms or to implement targeted modifications. Ultimately, these modifications aim to optimize both work patterns and the allocation of institutional resources. Performance evaluation plays a crucial role in enhancing organizational productivity and ensuring the efficient use of resources. Consequently, every organization should adopt a suitable evaluation model to effectively achieve its goals and policies. The significance and expanding scope of performance evaluation across various disciplines constitute a vital area of academic inquiry. This is particularly true for the sports industry, which has experienced rapid growth driven by increasing public demand for sports services, transforming it into a substantial economic sector. Furthermore, within modern management paradigms, performance evaluation is a fundamental concept. It serves as a systematic method for enhancing both the quantitative outputs and qualitative aspects of organizational and individual performance over time. It is thus recognized as an effective mechanism for continuous improvement. In the contemporary landscape of sports development, such evaluation has become an indispensable tool for promoting health and fostering development across society. For sports clubs specifically, the ongoing professionalization of the sector means that implementing performance evaluation not only boosts operational efficiency but also drives improvements in both service quality and scale. Indeed, sports hold significant importance in civic life, with clubs acting as primary venues for physical activity . As a result, public expectations for the offerings of these clubs are high. Successful clubs deliver health-enhancing physical activities, facilitate recreation and social connections, and support skill development. Bodybuilding clubs represent a cornerstone of the modern sports industry, serving as one of its most vital and dynamic components. The remarkable expansion in the number and accessibility of these facilities has been a primary catalyst for the sector's overall growth, underscoring their significant economic and social impact. Parallel to the broader ecosystem of sports clubs, the commercial fitness sector—predominantly driven by private enterprise rather than public investment—has risen to become the foremost modality of organized physical activity for populations across numerous nations. The widespread appeal and participation in bodybuilding, as a discipline, stem from its profound resonance within diverse demographics and community segments. This pervasive popularity necessitates a rigorous and all-encompassing examination of the clubs that facilitate this activity. Conducting a thorough performance evaluation of these establishments is therefore paramount, as it constitutes a fundamental and critical variable for understanding their efficacy and potential. It follows that the systematic assessment of bodybuilding clubs' performance is an indispensable prerequisite for their sustainable development and enhancement. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to design a performance evaluation model for bodybuilding clubs (case study: Hamedan province). Mothodology The methodology was exploratory sequential mixed methods research. The statistical population in the qualitative part included sport and youth department personnel, current and former members of the bodybuilding board, coaches of bodybuilding clubs, and those knowledgeable about the subject, who were selected according to purposive sampling until theoretical saturation (N=13). Also, the statistical population of the quantitative stage consisted of all the coaches and bodybuilders in Hamedan province. The statistical sample of the quantitative stage consisted of 455 participants who were selected by a stratified sampling method. Data were gathered using in-depth interviews and a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. In the qualitative part, 63 codes were extracted from the interviews. Using the Lincoln and Guba (1985) method, validity and reliability were confirmed, and the questionnaire was developed in accordance with the 63 selected codes. To quantitatively examine content validity, two coefficients were used: content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). After reviewing the content of the questions and based on the results of the content validity index coefficient, 14 items were removed, as well as the location and capital components. Therefore, the final questionnaire included 49 questions. The reliability of the final questionnaire for performance evaluation of bodybuilding clubs was measured, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was α = 0.96. Thematic analysis method was used in the qualitative phase. In the quantitative phase, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages) and inferential statistics such as the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Also, structural equation modeling was utilized via Smart-PLS3 for examining and designing a performance evaluation model for bodybuilding clubs. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software. Values were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and the alpha level was set at 0.05. Fingdings The results show that the number of athletes and coaches was 455 and the mean of their age was 34.45±10.51. The descriptive statistics show that 60.9% (n=277) of the participants were male and 39.1% (n=178) were female, also, 66.8% (n=304) were athletes and 33.2% (n=151) were bodybuilding coaches. The mean of sports activity history of the athletes group was 8.37±7.77. In addition, the mean of sports coaching experience of the coaches group was 13.79±8.72. The result show that, There were 52 (17.1%), 135 (44.4%), 89(29.3%), and 28 (9.2%) athletes with an education level ofdiploma or lower, bachelor’s degree , master's degree, and PhD degree, respectively. Also, There were 6 (4%), 56 (37.1), 61(40.4%), and 28 (18.5%) coaches with an education level of education diploma or lower, bachelor’s degree , master's degree, and PhD degree, respectively. The results of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) showed that 14 items from a 63-question questionnaire for the performance evaluation model for bodybuilding clubs of Hamedan province were removed. The results showed that the indicators' effect coefficients for the performance evaluation model for bodybuilding clubs ( with 49 items) were: 1) principles of hygiene and health (β=.90, T=92.77); 2), service, facilities and welfare facilities (β=.89, T=74.29); 3), respect of standards and variety of equipment, and quality of environment (β=.874, T=59.20); 4), security and safety (β=.873, T=69.26); 5), management, planning and coordination (β=.86, T=62.72); 6), social issues, compliance with the rules and instructions (β=.79, T=38.43); 7), sports achievements (β=.71, T=25.19); 8), human resources (β=.68, T=20.40); 9), marketing and advertisement (β=.61, T=16.09); respectively. The results of the evaluation of the model fit indices including GOF, R2, Q2, CV-Com, and CV-Red showed that each fitting index meets the standard, indicating the model fits well. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that there are not significant statistical differences between men and women, and between coaches and athletes in the indicators 1), principles of hygiene and health 2), service, facilities and welfare facilities 3), respect of standards and variety of equipment, and quality of environment 4), security and safety 5), management, planning and coordination 6), social issues ,compliance with the rules and instructions 7), sport achievement 8), and human resources (p>0.05). The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that there is significant statistical differences between men and women, and between coaches and athletes in the index of marketing and advertisement (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion This study identified nine factors as performance evaluation criteria for bodybuilding clubs. The effect coefficients for the indicators of the performance evaluation model were as follows: 1) principles of hygiene and health ,2) service, facilities and welfare facilities ,3) respect of standards and variety of equipment, and quality of environment , 4) security and safety , 5) management, planning and coordination ,6) social issue, compliance with the rules and instructions ,7) sports achievements ,8) human resource ,9) marketing and advertisement respectively. The most important factor was principles of hygiene and health in bodybuilding clubs that the result of other study emphasis it which is in line with the present research. Therefore the importance of principles of hygiene and health has been highlighted, necessitating more thorough it management to promotion athletes’ health . Hence, bodybuilding clubs should regularly employ professional services to principles of hygiene and health, and constantly monitor their bodybuilding clubs hygiene conditions . In addition, the study showed that in all factors identified in the performance evaluation model for bodybuilding clubs (except for marketing and advertising), there were no significant statistical differences between men and women, and between coaches and athletes on these indicators. This issue must draw the attention of all owners, managers, authorities of the sport and youth department, and the bodybuilding board, due to the fact that the attitudes of coaches and athletes are the same regarding the factors and indicators of bodybuilding club performance evaluation. Therefore, authorities should pay attention to these indicators to increase satisfaction and participation rates among all people (coaches and athletes) regardless of gender (except for marketing and advertising). Ultimately, managers, authorities of the sport and youth department, the bodybuilding board, as well as bodybuilding club owners can utilize the indicators, concepts, and categories identified in this study for performance evaluation, development, and increasing the satisfaction of athletes and bodybuilding coaches. هدف از پژوهش حاضر طراحی الگوی ارزیابی عملکرد باشگاه‌های بدنسازی (مطالعه موردی: استان همدان) بود. روش پژوهش آمیخته و طرح آن ترکیبی اکتشافی متوالی (کیفی–کمی) بود. مشارکتکنندگان در بخش کیفی شامل 13 نفر از آگاهان به موضوع و در بخش کمی شامل 455 نفر از مربیان و ورزشکاران رشته بدن‌سازی که به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری تصادفی-خوشه ای چند مرحله انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه عمیق و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با روایی و پایایی مورد تأیید گردآوری شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS 26 و PLS 3-Smart تحلیل شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که شاخص‌های الگوی ارزیابی عملکرد باشگاه‌های بدن‌سازی به ترتیب ضریب اثر عبارت‌اند از: (1) اصول بهداشتی و سلامت، (2) خدمات، تسهیلات و امکانات رفاهی، (3) رعایت استاندارها و تنوع وسایل، تأسیسات و کیفیت محیط، (4) امنیت و ایمنی، (5) مدیریت، برنامه‌ریزی و هماهنگی، (6) مسائل اجتماعی و رعایت قوانین و دستورالعمل‌ها، (7) دستاوردهای ورزشی، (8) نیروی انسانی و (9) بازاریابی و تبلیغات بودند. نتایج نشان داد تنها در شاخص بازاریابی و تبلیغات تفاوت میان زنان و مردان و نیز مربیان و ورزشکاران مشاهده شد (01/0>P). لذا پیشنهاد می‌شود که مدیران و مسئولان اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان همدان و هیئت بدن‌سازی و نیز مالکان باشگاه‌های بدن‌سازی استان همدان از عوامل شناسایی‌شده و اولویت‌های به‌دست‌آمده در این مطالعه به‌منظور ارزیابی عملکرد، رشد، توسعه و افزایش میزان رضایت‌مندی ورزشکاران و مربیان بدن‌سازی استفاده نمایند.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12550_f527ad9f3f57d792286a8c22d6cec6cd.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 Designing a Paradigm Model of Investment in Iranian Women's Football طراحی مدل سرمایه گذاری در فوتبال بانوان ایران 173 190 12681 10.30473/arsm.2025.71549.3895 FA ناهید قوی پنجه دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. مرتضی رضایی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران 0000-0002-6586-8666 حلیمه پیری دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد گلبهار، مشهد، ایران. لیلا قربانی قهفرخی دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 06 14 Introduction Today, the sports industry has gained a special place in global trade as one of the emerging and dynamic industries. This industry plays a key role in people's lives not only from the perspective of entertainment and health, but also has significant economic importance (Emami et al., 1401). Today, sports and related activities have become one of the important and effective industries in the growth and development of the economy of global societies. This industry directly and indirectly involves millions of people (Kalate et al., 1401). In order to commercialize and attract capital in the sports industry and also reduce health-related costs, it is necessary to help improve and advance the sports industry system by utilizing management capabilities and establishing them, implementing privatization, expanding the educational sector, and improving skills (Sadeghi Yazaj et al., 1402). Rohde and Brewer (2015) conducted a paper titled “Football Club Investors: A Review of Theory and Empirical Evidence from European Professional Football”. The aim of this research was to analyze and investigate the behavior of investors in European professional football clubs. The findings of this research show that the motivations of investors in European professional football can be very diverse and include financial, emotional, and social goals. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant increase in the popularity and attention to women's football worldwide. This has led to increased female participation in the sport, increased support from international governing bodies, and a growing body of scientific research in the field. However, compared to the vast body of research conducted on men’s football, research on women’s football is still in its infancy. This leaves a significant gap in our knowledge and leaves important questions unanswered about the unique nature and dynamics of women’s football (Okhum-Kerger, 2022). In this context, scientific and analytical studies and research can serve as an effective tool in understanding the dynamics and impacts of investment in women’s football and contribute to effective policy and management decisions in this industry. Mothodology The method of conducting this research is qualitative. The research strategy in this study was based on the Strauss and Corbin method of data analysis. Your statistical population includes experts and specialists with a background in academic teaching, women's sports activists, sports promotion experts, sports experts and officials, and sports policymakers and consultants. The selection of these groups as the statistical population indicates an effort to include different perspectives from scientific, practical, and policy-making experts. This multifaceted approach can help provide more comprehensive and accurate results, because each of these groups can provide different perspectives and experiences in relation to the subject under study. The sampling method was non-probability sampling, with purposeful selection and maximum diversity. The sample size in this study was 13 people based on the theoretical saturation index. In the present study, the criteria of long-term involvement, sustained observation, re-inspection of the information acquisition path, checking, triangulation, and continuous comparison were used to assess validity. To calculate reliability using the intra-subject agreement method between two coders, a sports management expert who was present during the research and had adequate knowledge of the research was asked to participate as a collaborator in the coding of the research. The intra-subject agreement percentage was calculated to be 0.90. Fingdings Based on the research findings, causal factors (participatory motivations and goals), contextual factors (policies and planning), pivotal phenomena (investment in women's football), strategies (media support and commercial sponsorship), and intervening factors (cultural and infrastructural issues) all play an important role in investing in women's football. Finally, the consequences included (economic, social, cultural, and international consequences). Discussion and Conclusion This research was conducted with the aim of designing a paradigmatic model of investment in Iranian women's football. In conclusion of the research titled Designing a Paradigmatic Model of Investment in Iranian Women's Football, it can be said that several factors influence investment in this field. These factors include participatory incentives, financial and public goals, comprehensive and financial policies, detailed planning, and media and commercial support. Also, cultural and infrastructural problems as intervening factors require attention and effective strategies to overcome the challenges. Successful investment in women's football can lead to positive economic, social, cultural, and international outcomes, including increasing income, empowering women, changing attitudes and promoting sports culture, and enhancing Iran's international image in the field of women's sports. This paradigmatic model can be used as a reference framework for strategic and operational decision-making at different levels of sports management and contribute to the progress and sustainable development of women's football in Iran. Participatory motives and goals, as important causal factors, are determinants of participation and investment in women's football. Financial and public goals also have an impact on investment. These findings are consistent with the results of Rohde and Brewer (2015), Emami et al. (2019). Participatory motives in women's football investment, which include financial and public goals, play a key role in the development and progress of this field. Financial goals, such as earning a profit through increasing ticket revenue, selling branded items, increasing the value of the club over time, and attracting new sponsors and partners, are powerful economic drivers for investors. These goals directly affect the profitability and financial sustainability of clubs and create an incentive for long-term investments. Buchholz and Lopata (2017) believe that economic investors prefer to prioritize sporting performance over economic performance. On the other hand, public objectives such as supporting the favorite team and players, contributing to the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment, inspiring the next generation of girls to follow their dreams, creating career opportunities for women in the sports industry, and contributing to the economic and social development of the community, represent the social and cultural dimensions of investment. Attachment and emotions to the club, as key factors, are of great importance in the decision to invest in these instruments. Accordingly, investors expect an emotional return from their investments in these clubs, which they accept as financial compensation (Huth, 2019). These objectives help to strengthen the position of women’s sport in society and can act as incentives to attract public support and increase community participation in women’s sport. Ultimately, a combination of these financial and public incentives can lead to the creation of a balanced and sustainable investment environment that not only contributes to economic profitability but also promotes social and cultural values. Football and economic potential are two important dimensions in the development and advancement of women’s football that directly affect investment in this area. Team success in competitions and leagues: Sporting success is a key indicator for attracting investment. Teams that consistently perform well can attract more attention from investors and sponsors. Also, quality and attractive games attract more spectators to stadiums and television broadcasts, which can lead to increased revenues from tickets and broadcasting rights. Number and passion of fans: Passionate fans not only create an energetic atmosphere in stadiums but can also act as a source of income through ticket purchases and team-related merchandise. Fan loyalty to the team can be considered a long-term asset for clubs, helping to attract more investment. In addition to the above, a stable and growing economy provides the necessary conditions for successful investments. Booming markets can create more opportunities for revenue generation through women’s football. The willingness to spend money on entertainment, especially in the field of sports, can act as a positive signal to investors. Financial and policy support from the government and the private sector can help strengthen infrastructure and increase investment in women’s football. These capacities, both at the national and club level, can act as drivers for attracting investment and developing women’s football, leading to a virtuous cycle of success and progress. These measures, especially in the field of women’s football, can help promote the culture of women’s football and increase women’s participation in the sport. Focusing on women’s football in particular can lead to strengthening infrastructure, improving access to sports facilities, and creating equal opportunities for female players. Such measures can also increase public awareness of the capabilities and role of women in football, and help develop professional leagues and expand training and coaching programs specific to women’s football. These findings are consistent with the results of Al-Shaar (2023), which show that investment in the sports industry, especially football, can lead to improved quality of life and increased fan satisfaction. At the international level, targeted investments in women’s football can play an important role in enhancing the country’s image and brand. These investments can also attract foreign investment, strengthen cultural and diplomatic relations, and create an inspiring model for other countries. As a result, paying attention to the development and support of women's football not only contributes to the athletic and social progress of women, but can also be an effective tool for sustainable development and enhancing the country's international standing. فوتبال‌بانوان درحال گسترش است و توجه سرمایه‌گذاران را به خود جلب کرده است. از این رو هدف از انجام این تحقیق، طراحی مدل سرمایه‌گذاری در فوتبال‌بانوان ایران طراحی بود. این پژوهش‌کیفی با استفاده از راهبرد تحلیل داده‌بنیاد با رویکرد اشتراس‌ و‌ کوربین انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل متخصصین و خبرگان حوزه ورزش‌‌بانوان، سیاست‌گذاران و مشاوران ورزشی بودند. نمونه‌گیری غیراحتمالی با حداکثر تنوع انجام گرفته و اندازه نمونه بر اساس اشباع ‌نظری 13 نفر تعیین شد. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های باز جمع‌آوری شده و روایی با استفاده از معیارهایی چون درگیری طولانی‌مدت و مقایسه مستمر سنجیده شد. پایایی داده‌ها با روش توافق درون‌موضوعی دو کدگذار و با مشارکت یک متخصص مدیریت‌ورزشی محاسبه شده و با نرخ 90 درصد، قابلیت اعتماد کدگذاری‌ها تأیید شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که عوامل علی شامل انگیزه‌های مشارکتی و اهداف، به همراه عوامل زمینه‌ای مانند سیاست‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی، نقش بنیادینی در شکل‌گیری پدیده محوری یعنی سرمایه‌گذاری در فوتبال بانوان دارند. راهبردهایی چون حمایت رسانه‌ای و حمایت‌های تجاری به عنوان مکانیزم‌های تقویت‌کننده این سرمایه‌گذاری عمل می‌کنند، در حالی که عوامل مداخله‌گر مانند معضلات فرهنگی و زیرساختی می‌توانند به عنوان چالش‌هایی در این مسیر عمل نمایند. پیامدهای نهایی این سرمایه‌گذاری‌ها شامل تأثیرات گسترده‌ای در حوزه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و بین‌المللی است که می‌تواند جایگاه فوتبال بانوان ایران را در عرصه‌های داخلی و جهانی تقویت نماید. این تحقیق به درک عمیق‌تری از دینامیک‌های سرمایه‌گذاری درورزش بانوان کمک کرده و می‌تواند به عنوان یک مرجع برای تصمیم‌گیران و سیاست‌گذاران در این زمینه عمل نماید.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12681_afb5b03f09affbf2a3e64a6540302e91.pdf

دانشگاه پیام نور فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی 2345-5551 14 3 (زمستان 1404) 2025 12 22 A Bibliometric Analysis of Electronic Sports: Identifying the Knowledge Structure, Key Trends, and Future Research Horizons تحلیل بیبلیومتریک ورزش‌های الکترونیک: شناسایی ساختار دانش، روندهای کلیدی و افق‌های پژوهشی آینده 191 210 12686 10.30473/arsm.2026.75532.3991 FA مهرزاد حمیدی استاد، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-8909-7122 عبدالله رسایی راد دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. گیتی حایز دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. جهان جمال سیرت استادیار، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد یاسوج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج، ایران. 0009-0001-4736-2661 Journal Article 2025 08 20 Introduction In the past decade, electronic sports (esports) have transcended their origins as a leisure activity to become a global phenomenon and a burgeoning industry with significant economic, social, and cultural implications. Defined as organized, competitive video gaming facilitated by electronic systems, esports has developed a sophisticated ecosystem mirroring traditional sports, characterized by professional teams, structured tournaments, massive spectatorship, and substantial sponsorship. With global revenues projected to reach multi-billion-dollar figures and audiences surpassing hundreds of millions, the field has attracted not only commercial investment but also rapidly increasing academic interest. However, the rapid expansion of esports literature has led to a fragmented body of knowledge. Research often exists in silos, focusing disparately on specific niches such as player performance, gambling behaviors, or marketing strategies, without a cohesive understanding of how these domains intersect. Consequently, policymakers, investors, and scholars face challenges in grasping the holistic trajectory of the field. To address this gap, this study employs a systematic scientometric approach to map the intellectual structure of esports research. The primary objective is to identify dominant research trends, key actors (influential researchers, publications, and institutions), active research hubs, and emerging thematic clusters within the current body of knowledge, thereby providing a data-driven roadmap for future inquiry. Methodology This study utilizes a bibliometric analysis framework to quantitatively evaluate scientific production in the field of esports. Data were harvested from the Scopus citation database, selected for its extensive coverage of high-quality, peer-reviewed journals and rich metadata. The search strategy employed the query string TITLE-ABS-KEY (esport*), limited to journal articles published in English. Following a rigorous screening process to remove irrelevant documents, a final dataset of 901 articles published between 2012 and 2025 was compiled. The analysis was conducted using Biblioshiny, a web interface for the R-package "bibliometrix". This tool facilitated a multi-dimensional analysis, including descriptive statistics (citation counts, h-indices), conceptual structure mapping (co-word analysis, thematic evolution), and social structure analysis (co-authorship networks and institutional collaboration). The study specifically examined the annual growth rate, document average age, keyword evolution, and international collaboration networks to discern the developmental phases of the field. Findings Publication Trends and Growth The analysis reveals a remarkable trajectory of growth, with the field expanding at an annual rate of 25.42%. The data suggests three distinct phases of development: Incubation (2012–2016): A period of low output where the field struggled for academic definition. •Explosion (2017–2023): A significant surge in publications, driven by the global legitimization of esports. Maturation (2024–2025): High but stabilizing volume, indicating a shift toward specialized, depth-oriented research. The average age of documents is merely 2.94 years, yet the average citation per document stands at 15.03, underscoring the high immediacy and relevance of current research. Influential Sources and Authors The study identified core journals driving the discourse, including Computers in Human Behavior, Frontiers in Psychology, and International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. In terms of authorship, Hamari J. emerged as a preeminent figure with an h-index of 10 and over 2,100 citations, reflecting deep scientific influence. Other key contributors include Byon K.K. and Trotter M.G. The analysis of highly cited papers highlights the work of Hilvert-Bruce et al. (2018) on Twitch user motivations as the most influential document (591 citations), indicating a strong academic focus on the social and consumption aspects of esports, specifically live-streaming behavior. Conceptual Structure and Thematic Map A co-word analysis of over 4,900 keywords provided a "cartography" of esports knowledge, categorized into four quadrants: Motor Themes (Well-developed & Central): This cluster is dominated by "Gambling and Virtual Economy" (loot boxes, skin gambling) and "Ecosystem & Governance." These represent the most mature and impactful areas of study, linking behavioral psychology with economic models. Basic Themes (Central but Less Developed): This includes "Cognitive/Physiological Performance" and "Mental Health." These themes act as the foundational bridge connecting esports to traditional sports science and medicine, focusing on stress, heart rate variability, and cognitive load. • Niche Themes: Topics such as "Simulation Sports" (e.g., FIFA games) appear as isolated specialties with limited integration into the broader discourse. Emerging Themes: "Consumer Behavior" and "Media Innovation" appear in the periphery, suggesting they are the new frontiers for research, particularly regarding the adoption of technology and marketing theories. Keyword Evolution The temporal analysis of keywords reveals a semantic shift. In the early years, general terms like "Video Games" prevailed. Post-2018, specific terms like "Esports," "Performance," and game-specific titles like "League of Legends" surged. This transition signifies the field’s move from general gaming studies to a distinct discipline focused on competitive performance and professional structures. Global Collaboration Networks The geopolitical landscape of esports research is defined by a bipolar axis between the USA and China, representing the strongest collaboration link (20 instances). This reflects the intersection of China’s massive market/infrastructure with the US’s academic capital. Additionally, Australia plays a critical role as a strategic "broker" in the network, particularly through institutions like Southern Cross University, which exhibits high "betweenness centrality," effectively bridging European and Asian research clusters. Discussion and Implications The findings characterize esports science as a young, hyper-dynamic, and increasingly interdisciplinary field. The dominance of the "Gambling" and "Governance" themes suggests that academia has been reactive to the regulatory and ethical controversies surrounding the industry. However, the strong emergence of "Performance" and "Health" themes indicates a proactive shift toward "athleticizing" esports players, treating them with the same physiological rigor as traditional athletes. The study also highlights a "Geopolitics of Science" where Western and Asian powers drive the agenda, leaving a gap in perspectives from developing regions (Latin America, Middle East, Africa), despite their growing market consumption. The disconnect between the "Social/Leisure" aspects and the "Performance/Business" aspects in the thematic map suggests a need for more integrative research that connects the spectator experience with the athlete's reality. Conclusion and Future Directions This bibliometric analysis confirms that esports research has successfully transitioned from a fringe topic to a legitimate, high-impact academic domain. The field is currently in a state of rapid specialization, moving away from definitional debates toward complex inquiries into health, economy, and technology. For future research, this study recommends: Interdisciplinary Integration: Bridging the gap between the "business" of esports and the "health" of players. Methodological Diversity: Moving beyond cross-sectional surveys toward longitudinal and experimental designs, particularly in performance studies. Global Inclusivity: Expanding collaboration networks to include underrepresented regions to capture the true global nature of the phenomenon. While limited by its exclusive reliance on Scopus and English-language publications, this study provides a comprehensive baseline. It offers scholars, investors, and policymakers a clear data-driven vantage point to navigate the complex, rapidly evolving ecosystem of electronic sports. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل نظام‌مند پویایی‌های حوزه نوظهور ورزش‌های الکترونیک، از طریق به‌کارگیری روش‌شناسی علم‌سنجی انجام شده است. هدف اصلی، شناسایی روندهای غالب پژوهشی، کنشگران کلیدی (شامل محققان، نشریات و نهادهای اثرگذار) و کانون‌های تحقیقاتی فعال در بدنه دانش کنونی این حوزه است. داده‌ها از پایگاه استنادی اسکوپوس جمع‌آوری و با استفاده از ابزار بیبلیوشاینی (مبتنی بر پکیج R) تحلیل شده‌اند. یافته‌ها حاکی از توسعه چشمگیر و شتابان حوزه ورزش‌های الکترونیکی با نرخ رشد 42/25 است. این یافته، با میانگین پایین سن مدارک (94/2 سال) و متوسط بالای استناد به هر مدرک (3/15)، بر تازگی و اهمیت پژوهش‌های این حوزه صحه می‌گذارد. تنوع موضوعی (بیش از ۴۹۰۰ کلیدواژه)، همکاری‌های گسترده بین‌المللی (۲۷/۱۹) و تعامل بالای محققان (۳/۶۳)، مؤید ماهیت مشارکتی و جهانی این قلمرو نوظهور است. بررسی روندهای انتشار مقالات نیز افزایش چشمگیر تولیدات علمی از سال ۲۰۱۷ به بعد را آشکار می‌سازد. تحلیل ۱۰ مقاله پراستناد نشان می‌دهد که پژوهش‌های هیلوِرت-بروس و همکاران (۲۰۱۸) «پیرامون رفتارهای کاربران در پلتفرم توییچ» و سئو (۲۰۱۶) در خصوص تحولات هویتی در اکوسیستم ورزش‌های الکترونیکی، از برجستگی ویژه‌ای برخوردارند. تحلیل ساختار همکاری بین دانشگاه‌ها نیز نقش کلیدی برخی از مؤسسات (مانند دانشگاه کراس ساوتر) در تسهیل ارتباطات بین‌المللی را نشان می‌دهد. این مطالعه با ارائه یک دیدگاه نسبتاً جامع و داده محور، زمینه را برای شناخت دقیق‌تر وضعیت کنونی و جهت‌دهی تحقیقات آتی در حوزه ورزش‌های الکترونیکی هموار می‌سازد.

https://arsmb.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12686_1e439aec34df6f55496a936c6a7db3f6.pdf