طراحی مدل آموزش مبتنی بر شایستگی برای راهنمایان گردشگری ماجراجویانه در ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود. شاهرود. ایران.

3 دانشیار ، گروه مدیریت ورزشی دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود. ایران

چکیده

رشد روزافزون گردشگری ماجراجویانه در ایران، ضرورت تربیت راهنمایانی حرفه‌ای با شایستگی‌های چندبعدی را بیش‌ازپیش آشکار ساخته است. این پژوهش باهدف طراحی یک مدل آموزش بومی‌سازی شده و مبتنی بر شایستگی برای راهنمایان گردشگری ماجراجویانه در ایران انجام شد. روش‌شناسی کیفی با رویکرد تفسیرگرایانه به کار گرفته شد و داده‌ها از طریق ۲۲ مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختار‌یافته با راهنمایان، مدرسان، کارشناسان و متخصصان حوزه گردشگری گردآوری و با استفاده از تحلیل تماتیک بررسی شدند. یافته‌ها چهار بعد اصلی شایستگی‌های موردنیاز را شامل می‌شوند: شایستگی‌های فنی مانند: کمک‌های اولیه، کار با تجهیزات تخصصی و دانش محیطی، شایستگی های بین‌فردی مانند: رهبری، ارتباط مؤثر، و اخلاق حرفه‌ای، شایستگی های فردی مثل: آمادگی جسمی، مدیریت استرس، خلاقیت و هویت حرفه‌ای و شایستگی‌های پایدار که شامل: مسئولیت‌های زیست‌محیطی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی بود. همچنین، مدل سه سطحی آموزش مقدماتی، پیشرفته و حرفه‌ای برای ارتقای تدریجی راهنمایان پیشنهاد شد. روش‌های یادگیری پیشنهادی شامل آموزش میدانی، یادگیری ترکیبی، شبیه‌سازی و منتورینگ بودند. نظام ارزیابی نیز بر پایه عملکرد میدانی، بازخورد گردشگران و صدور گواهینامه‌های چندسطحی طراحی شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مدل پیشنهادی می‌تواند نه‌تنها کیفیت عملکرد راهنمایان را افزایش دهد، بلکه در سطوح خرد، میانی و کلان پیامدهای مثبتی داشته باشد. این پژوهش با ارائه چارچوبی جامع، گامی مهم در جهت حرفه‌ای‌سازی راهنمایی ماجراجویانه در ایران برداشته و می‌تواند مبنای مدل آموزشی آینده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Al-Okaily, N. S. (2022). A Model for Tour Guide Performance. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 23(6), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2021.1905584
Arabacioglu, D., & Dedeoglu, B. B. (2023). The Moderating Role of Information Quality in the Relationship Between guides' Communication Skills and Tour Satisfaction. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 26(4),  813-832. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2023.2264510
Aysin Örnek, N., & Karamustafa, K. (2025). Understanding the evolution of the guided tours: the case of Türkiye. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 23(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2025.2453227
Borek, D., Raniszewski, S., Tomanek, M., & Bugajska, M. (2023). Mountain guide as a profession of special management and quality supervision in the field of public health and safety. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 38(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.38.01.011
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
Brod, M., Tesler, L. E., & Christensen, T. L. (2009). Qualitative research and content validity: developing best practices based on science and experience. Quality of Life Research, 18(9), 1263–1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9540-9
Buzova, D., Sanz-Blas, S., & Cervera-Taulet, A. (2023). Co-creating emotional value in a guided tour experience: the interplay among guide's emotional labour and tourists' emotional intelligence and participation. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(11), 1748-1762. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2064837
Chamarro, A., Muro, A., Mateo, C., Subirana, M., & Sanz, A. (2025). Guided nature-based adventure activity in the Pyrenees: visitors' profiles and effects on environmental attitudes and well-being. Journal of Ecotourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2025.2488351
Chen, Y. L., Hsu, C. C., Lin, C. Y., & Hsu, H. H. (2022). Robot-Assisted Language Learning: Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality into English Tour Guide Practice. Education Sciences, 12(7), 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12070437
Cheung, W. W. Y. (2022). Learning from an Arctic adventure guide An exploratory study of emotional labour when leading Chinese consumers (Y. S. Lee, Ed.).
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.
Deb, R., Kondasani, R. K. R., & Das, A. (2024). Package adventure tourism motivation: scale development and validation. Tourism Recreation Research, 50(1), 1-13. . https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2024.2343632
Dieteren, N., & Neuhofer, B. (2025). Transformative Experiences: Exploring the Role of Experience Facilitators. Service Industries Journal, 45(7-8), 657-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2024.2346241
Furunes, T., & and Mykletun, R. J. (2012). Frozen Adventure at Risk? A 7-year Follow-up Study of Norwegian Glacier Tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(4), 324-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2012.748507
Galiakbarov, Y., Mazbayev, O., Mutaliyeva, L., Filimonau, V., & Sezerel, H) .2024).  When the mountains call: Exploring mountaineering motivations through the lens of the calling theory. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 45, 100743. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2024.100743
Ghaderi, Z., Mojtaba, R., Richard, B., & and Beal, L. (2025). Flow experience and behavioural intention in recreational flights: the mediating role of satisfaction, recollection and storytelling. Anatolia, 36(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2024.2352098
Hild, B. O., Jóhannesson, G. T., & Sydnes, A. K. (2023). "Everyone can be a guide until something goes wrong": adventure guides' competencies and tourist safety in the Arctic. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 23(4), 325-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2023.2289946
Hillman, W. (2019). 'Risky business': The future for female trekking guides in Nepal. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(4), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358418768661
Houge Mackenzie, S., Boudreau, P., & Raymond, E. (2020). Women’s adventure tour guiding experiences: Implications for well-being. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 410-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.09.006
Houge Mackenzie, S., & Raymond, E. (2020). A conceptual model of adventure tour guide well-being. Annals Of Tourism Research, 84, 102977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102977
Huang, Y. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, S. C., Tang, H. F., & Cheng, J. S. (2023). Psychological capital as a source of career adaptability, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among tour operators and guides during a global crisis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 49, 101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101188
Irwin, A., Thacker, J., Brame, G., & Hamlet, O. E. D. (2023). 'Having a grand view of what the day entails': A qualitative investigation of the non-technical skills utilised by Mountain Guides. Journal OF Outdoor Recreation And Tourism-Research Planning And Management, 43, 100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100688
Jamaliah, M. M., Mgonja, J. T., Alazaizeh, M. M., & Powell, R. B. (2024). How does interpretive tour guiding promote tourists' pro-environmental behaviour? Evidence from Tanzania. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(2), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1992953
Khater, M. (2025). The role of tourism guides in heritage management at archaeological sites: enhancing conservation and visitor experience. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2025.2455822
Lackey, N. Q., & Pennisi, L .(2020). Ecotour guide training program methods and characteristics: a case study from the African bush. Journal of Ecotourism, 19(3), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2019.1686005
Li, Y., Yu, Q. L., Zou, Y. G., Zhang, J. M., & Liao, J. J. (2025). From work resources to safety performance: tour guides' job burnout and personality profiles matter. Current Issues in Tourism, 28(9), 1445–1461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2339958
Loland, S., & Hällgren, M. (2025). Negotiating the gray zone: Ski guiding routine dynamics. ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2024.103858
Lowe, A., Norris, A. C., Farris, A. J., & Babbage, D. R. (2018). Quantifying Thematic Saturation in Qualitative Data Analysis. Field Methods, 30(3), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X17749386
Mackenzie, S. H., & Kerr, J. H. (2013). Stress and emotions at work: An adventure tourism guide's experiences. Tourism Management, 36, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.10.018
Mackenzie, S. H., & Raymond, E. (2020). A conceptual model of adventure tour guide well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102977
Miljković, J., Vujičić, M., Kovačić, S., Pivac, T., & Kliček, T. (2025). Guiding the Future: what Generation Z Expects from Tourist Guides. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, 75(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI240819018M
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical Analysis of Strategies for Determining Rigor in Qualitative Inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball Sampling. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036831710
Ponte, J., Couto, G., Pimentel, P., & Oliveira, A. (2018). Tourism activities and companies in a sustainable adventure tourism destination: the Azores. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(4), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2018.14403
Ramendra, D. P., Juniarta, P. A. K., Parma, I. P. G., Jayanta, I. N. L., Tantri, A. A. S., & Dewantara, K. A. K. (2025). Artificial Intelligence-Based Virtual Tour for Vocational High Schools in Tourism Sector in Developing English Language Competence for Guides. Ijole-International Journal of Language Education, 9(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v1i1.71704
Rocha, D., Marley, S. A., Drakeford, B., Potts, J., & Gullan, A. (2022). The benefits of guide training for sustainable cetacean-based tourism in developing countries, case study - Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve, Mozambique. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-022-00876-1
Røkenes, A., & Mathisen, L. (2017). Roles of Adventure Guides in Balancing Perceptions of Risk and Safety (Y. S. Lee, D. B. Weaver, & N. K. Prebensen, Eds.). CABI eBooks. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780648620.0019
Rokenes, A., Schumann, S., & Rose, J. (2015). The Art of Guiding in Nature-Based Adventure Tourism - How Guides Can Create Client Value and Positive Experiences on Mountain Bike and Backcountry Ski Tours. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15, 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1061733
Shooter, W., Sibthorp, J., & Paisley, K. (2009). Outdoor Leadership Skills: A Program Perspective. Journal of Experiential Education, 32(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382590903200102
Sumanapala, D., Wolf, I. D., & Weiler, B. (2023). Enhancing Tour Guide Training for Delivering Nature-Based Tourism Experiences in a Developing Country. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 26(4),1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2023.2253561
Sumanapala, D., Wolf, I. D., & Weiler, B. (2025). Enhancing Tour Guide Training for Delivering Nature-Based Tourism Experiences in a Developing Country. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 26(3), 464–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2023.2253561
Vij, M., & Upadhya, A. (2021). Systems approach to design and development of a tourist guide training program: a case study of Sharjah tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(3), 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1804735
Wong, C. U. I., Ren, L. P., Ma, C. W., & Lam, J. F. I. (2024). What do today's Chinese tourists expect from tour guides? A mixed-method approach to understanding the evolving guide roles. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 59, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.04.002